The Body as a Whole

Learning Objectives Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2 1.Recognize the relationship of cells, tissues, and organs, and list the major body systems. 2.List four types of tissue and recognize terms for their abnormal development. 3.Recognize the directional terms and planes of the body, match them with their descriptions, and write their combining forms. 4.Identify the body cavities, the body regions, and the four abdominal quadrants. 5.Recognize the terms for diagnostic procedures and disorders presented in Chapter 5.

Learning Objectives (cont’d) 6.Recognize the meanings of Chapter 5 word parts and use them to build and analyze medical terms. 7.Write terms pertaining to body fluids and blood and their disorders, as well as associated terms. 8.Write terms about body defenses, immunity, and bioterrorism when given their definitions or match them with their meanings. 9.Spell medical terms correctly. Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3

Basic Cell Structure Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4

Organizational Scheme Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5 Photo from Abrahams PH, Boon J, Spratt JD: McMinn’s clinical atlas of human anatomy, ed 6, St Louis, 2008, Mosby.

Body Systems muscular skeletal cardiovascular lymphatic respiratory digestive Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6 urinary reproductive integumentary nervous endocrine

Main Tissue Types Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7 From Gartner LP, Hiatt JL: Color Textbook of Histology, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2007, Saunders. A B CD

Cell Development Terms Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 8  -plasia means formation  dysplasia  aplasia  hypoplasia  hyperplasia  anaplasia  -trophy means nutrition  hypertrophy

Hypertrophy vs. Hyperplasia Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 9 From Ignatavicius MS, Workman ML, Mishler MA: Medical-surgical nursing across the health care continuum, ed 5, Philadelphia, 2006, Saunders-Elsevier.

Anatomic Position Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 10

Directional Word Parts and Terms anter/o toward the front; ventral poster/o toward the back, dorsal ventr/o belly side dors/o back side medi/o middle later/o toward the side trans- across Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 11 super/o uppermost infer/o lowermost proxim/o nearer the origin dist/o far or distant (so does tel/e) cephal/o toward the head caud/o toward the tail

Directional Word Parts and Terms (cont’d) anter/o + medi/o + -an = anteromedian poster/o + medi/o = posteromedian dors/o + later/o = dorsolateral poster/o + later/o = posterolateral anter/o + later/o = anterolateral medi/o + later/o = mediolateral infer/o + medi/o = inferomedian telecardiogram = tel/e + cardi/o + -gram Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 12

Quick Quiz! A.aplasia B.anaplasia C.dysplasia D.hypoplasia Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 13 What term means the abnormal development of tissues or organs?

Directional Terms Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 14 From Ballinger PW, Frank ED: Merrill’s atlas of radiographic positions and radiologic procedures, vol 1, ed 10, St Louis, 2003, Mosby.

Supine vs. Prone Supination vs. Pronation Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 15 D from Harkreader H, Hogan MA, Thobaben M: Fundamentals of nursing: Caring and clinical judgement, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2008, Saunders.

Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 16

Body Regions head neck torso extremities Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 17

Combining Forms: Body Regions and Structures abdomin/oabdomen acr/oextremities blephar/oeyelid cephal/ohead chir/ohands cyst/ocyst, bladder, or sac dactyl/odigits lapar/oabdominal wall Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 18

Combining Forms: Body Regions and Structures (cont’d) Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 19  omphal/o umbilicus  onych/o nail  pelv/i pelvis  periton/operitoneum  pod/o feet  som/a, somat/o body  thorac/o chest (thorax)

Palmar vs. Plantar Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 20 A from Seidel HM, Ball JW, Dains JE, Flynn JA: Mosby’s guide to physical examination, ed 7, St Louis, 2011, Mosby. B from Sean Gladwell/Shutterstock AB

Abdominal Quadrants Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 21 From Wilson SF, Giddens JF: Health assessment for nursing practice, ed 4, St Louis, 2009, Mosby.

Abdominal Paracentesis Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 22

Ascites Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 23 From Lewis SM, Heitkemper MM, Dirksen SR, O’Brien PG, Bucher L: Medical-surgical nursing: Assessment and management of clinical problems, ed 8, St. Louis, 2011, Mosby.

Abdominal Hernias Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 24

Body Fluids Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 25  intracellular  extracellular  edema

Body’s Fluid Compartments Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 26

Word Parts: Body Fluids Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 27  crin/o, -crine secrete  dacry/o, lacrim/o tear, tearing or crying  -emia condition of the blood  hidr/o sweat or perspiration  hydr/o water  lymph/o lymph  muc/o mucus  -poiesis production  -poietin substance that causes production  py/o pus  sial/o saliva (or salivary glands)  ur/o urine (or urinary tract)

 coagul/o coagulation  cyt/o cell  erythr/o red  hem/o, hemat/o blood  leuk/o white  thromb/o clot  -cyte cell  -osis increased or abnormal when cellular components  -penia deficiency Word Parts: Body Fluids (cont’d) Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 28

Abscess Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 29 From Dorland’s illustrated medical dictionary, ed 32, Saunders, 2012, Philadelphia.

Hydrocephalus Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 30 From Hart CA, Broadhead RL: Colour atlas of pediatric infectious diseases, London, 1992, Mosby-Wolfe.

Hematoma Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 31 From Damjanov I, Linder J: Pathology: A color atlas, 2000, St. Louis, Mosby

What does sial/o mean? A. sodium B. saliva or salivary gland C. sweat D. cell Quick Quiz! Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 32

Glands Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 33  salivary  thyroid  adrenal  sudoriferous

Blood Composition Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 34 From Applegate E: The anatomy & physiology learning system, ed. 4, Philadelphia, 2011, Saunders.

Blood Coagulation Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 35 Copyright Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc, 1994.

Agglutination Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 36 From Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, and Roitt I: Immunology, ed 7, St Louis, 2006, Mosby..

Stained Blood Sample Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 37 From Gartner LP, Hiatt JL: Color textbook of histology, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2007, Saunders.

Blood Terminology Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 38  erythrocytosis  erythrocytopenia, erythropenia  leukocytosis  leukocytopenia, leukopenia  leukemia  thrombocytosis  thrombopenia

Blood Defenses and Immunity Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 39  immunity  resistance  susceptibility  inflammation

Blood Defenses and Immunity Nonspecific: phagocytosis interferon complement Specific: antigen antibody Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 40

Blood Defenses and Immunity Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 41  immunization  vaccination  immunocompromised, immunosuppressive, immunosuppressant  hypersensitivity, allergies, anaphylaxis  AIDS

Specific Immunity Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 42 From Applegate E: The anatomy and physiology learning system, ed 2, Philadelphia, 2000, Saunders.

Additional Terminology Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 43  benign  malignant  metastasis, metastasize  bioterrorism

Metastasis of Cancer Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 44

Quick Quiz! Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 45 The two kinds of body defenses are A. nonspecific and specific resistance B. cell-mediated and antibody-mediated C. erythropoiesis and leukopoiesis D. vaccination and antibiotic

Bacteria in Body Fluids Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 46 B from Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Kobayashi GS, Pfaller MA: Medical microbiology, ed 3, St Louis, 1994, Mosby; D from Forbes BA, Sahm DF, Weissfeld AS: Bailey & Scott’s diagnostic microbiology, ed 12, St Louis, 2007, Mosby. F from Atlas RM: Principles of microbiology, St Louis, 1995, Mosby.

Acronyms and Abbreviations Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 47  AIDS  CA  CBC, cbc  CDC  CSF  FEMA  HIV  LLQ  LUQ  RBC  RLQ  RUQ  WBC  WMD