The U.S. and Canada Shaped by History Chapter 7 The U.S. and Canada Shaped by History

The 1st Americans and the Arrival of the Europeans Section 1 The 1st Americans and the Arrival of the Europeans

Who were the first Americans? Scientific View Land Bridge Between Asia and North America Sea level dropped because of ice age Hunters followed herd across into North America Native American Views Have always been here Indigenous Belonging to or native to a place

Spain and France Spain - Christopher Columbus Southern part of North America Gold Religion - Missionaries - people who want to convert others to their religion France Furs Lived with the native people and learned their ways

England 13 Colonies on the Atlantic Coast Reasons they came: Own land, free from debt, religious freedom Indentured servant -work for a period of years to gain freedom

England - Britain 1607 - Jamestown 1620 - Pilgrims Massachusetts 1640 - Slaves being brought over to work on plantations in the south

Wars French and Indian War - 1754 Britain and France fighting over land Britain won with Colonist’s help Britain needed to have army in Colonies Paid for by taxes - colonist’s boycotted Revolutionary War - 1775 Colonists rebel against Britain Treaty of Paris - 1781 - Made independence official 1788 - Constitution is approved Still the highest law of the United States

Growth, Settlement, and Civil War in the United States Section 2 Growth, Settlement, and Civil War in the United States

Growing Nation Lewis and Clark Louisiana Purchase - 1803 1803 - explore the land west of the Mississippi River Louisiana Purchase - 1803 Paid France $15 million

Growing Nation 1830’s - Indian Removal Act Forced Natives from their homes to Indain Territory Trail of Tears

More Room? 1836 - Mexican Controlled Texas Manifest Destiny Texans rebelled against Mexican rule Went to war U.S. took over SW Manifest Destiny Americans thought it was their destiny to own all of the land from the Atlantic to the Pacific

Industrial Revolution The change from making goods by hand to making them by machine Clothing, steam engines, railroads Immigrants People who move from one country to another

Debate over Slavery Civil War 1861-1865 North - Union Had wealth, industry, soldiers, abolitionists South - Confederacy Experienced officers, cotton-help from other countries Despite North’s advantages war dragged out for 4 years. Emancipation Proclamation - 1863 - Lincoln freed the slaves

After the war Reconstruction Rebuilding the nation President Lincoln was assassinated less than a week after the end of the war 1877 southern states voted to segregate Separate blacks from whites in all aspects of life

The United States Becomes a World Power Section 3 The United States Becomes a World Power

U.S. 1865-1914 Industrial Revolution made life easier for the upper and middle class, but not the Lower class. Homestead Act of 1862 Free Midwest land to people Had to live on it for 5 years Helped spark settlement and the expansion of the population from Atlantic to Pacific

Beyond the shores 1867 - Bought Alaska from Russia 1898 - took over control of Hawaii 1898 - won Spanish-American War Took over: Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines 1914 - World War I U.S. joined the Allies of Britain and France Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey Allies won in 1918

World Issues The Great Depression - 1929 Factories closed, people lost jobs, lost all savings Affected all of the world, not just U.S. Franklin D. Roosevelt - New Deal Helped people get back on their feet Jump started the economy

World Issues World War II Allies Dec 7, 1941 Japan bombed Pearl Harbor Defeat Germany April 1945 U.S. drops two bombs on Japan, ending WWII in August 1945

Postwar Responsibilities Soviet Union Communism Cold War U.S. & Soviet Union Tension Arms race Civil Rights Movement 1965 - Martin Luther King Jr.

Growth, Settlement, and Independence in Canada Section 4 Growth, Settlement, and Independence in Canada

French and British Both countries were there for the fur trade Both wanted Ohio River Valley British - land for settlement French - Beavers Fought (7 years war) Known as French and Indian War in the U.S. British won - gave complete control of Canada to them. War of 1812 French and British united to fend off U.S. from invading Canada

Self-Rule Louis Papineau - revolted in Lower Canada against British William MacKenzie - revolted in Upper Canada against British Dominion - a self governing area July 1, 1867-Britain accepted plan Still subject to Great Britain Rule itself under central government

Taking its place “Peaceful Revolution” Took Part in WWI with British Were able to govern themselves. Saw years of prosperity Took Part in WWI with British Also involved with WWII with Allies

Present Times Bilingual 1982 Canada has two official languages French and English 1982 New constitution Canada became completely independent of Britain

Section 5 Partners and Friends

Environmental Issues Lake trout Water Quality Air Quality Forests The Great Lakes Water Quality Air Quality Most air pollution from our factories goes north Burning fossil fuels - acid rain Forests Clear-cutting - cutting down all the trees in an area allowing soil to wash away.

Economic Partners St. Lawrence Seaway Diagram on page 188 Completed in 1959. Allows ships to move throughout the Great Lakes through a series of canals, locks, and dams. Diagram on page 188 https://webcam.crrel.usace.army.mil/soo/

Trade U.S. is Canada’s biggest trading partner Canada is U.S.’s biggest trading partner Before 1989 Tariffs - cost to trade, raised the price of goods After 1989 Free trade - eliminated tariffs NAFTA - North American Free Trade Agreement 1994 - Mexico, U.S., and Canada Singed to allows free trade and promote economic growth in all three countries