1. AMERICA BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR

2. Americans before Columbus

3. In 1492, Italian mariner Christopher Columbus sailed westward for Spain seeking an alternate route to Asia

4. The traffic of plants, animals, tools, diseases, and ideas between Europe and the Americas after 1492 is called the Columbian Exchange. Animals such as pigs, horses, mules, sheep and cattle were introduced to the Americas. Europeans diversified their own agriculture, adopting Indian crops such as maize and potatoes.

5. Spain, France, and England all established major colonies in the Americas.

6. Between 1689 and 1763, Britain and France fought a series of wars in Europe. In 1754, the French and Indian War erupted in North America Victory in 1763 gave Canada and new western land to Britain. The British victory was very expensive. Parliament imposed new taxes.

7. The American Revolution began in 1775. A colonial army was formed. George Washington was put in command by the Continental Congress In July 1776, Congress adopted a Declaration of Independence.

8. In 1789, George Washington took office as the first President of the United States.

9. In 1803 Jefferson obtained the huge Louisiana Purchase from French ruler Napoleon Bonaparte Meriwether Lewis and William Clark explored the new territory.

10. Britain resumed seizing U.S. ships trading with France and allowed for the impressment of U.S. sailors. In 1812 the United States went to war with Britain. The Americans failed to take Canada and the British burned Washington, D.C. The war ended with an 1814 peace treaty. War set the North on a different path from the South Northerners built factories during the War of 1812. These attracted European immigrants and promoted urban growth.

11. Southern states remained agricultural and dependent on enslaved labor. Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin made slavery more profitable for southern planters. Plantations expanded−and forced more slaves to work−to provide cotton for northern textile mills.

12. In 1823, President James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine It stated European monarchies had no business meddling with American republics. The United States, similarly, would stay out of European affairs

13. Once Andrew Jackson became president, he replaced hundreds of government workers with people from the Democratic Party. This practice was called the spoils system.

14. In 1838, federal troops made 15,000 Cherokee journey from the Southeast to Oklahoma. At least 4,000 people died on this Trail of Tears.

15. In 1830, America included the east coast states, the Louisiana Purchase and Florida Manifest Destiny stood for the belief that the U.S. was destined to own most or all of North America. Expansion would come at the expense of Native Americans and Mexicans.

16. Over a quarter million Americans settled on the West Coast between 1840 and 1860.

17. A war with Mexico began with a conflict in Texas.

19. In early 1848, gold was discovered in California. News spread and 80,000 Americans headed west as part of the California Gold Rush.