1) IMPERIALISM… defined: → “Policy in which one country seeks to extend its authority by conquering other countries, or by establishing economic and political dominance over other countries.” [text] → A nation controlling another nation for economic, political, and/or military gain. [Unit 1] → The exploitation of a weak or less developed nation by a strong (usually industrial) nation, by taking economic and/or political control of a foreign people in their native land. → Can be done directly or indirectly, but in ALL cases, involves a loss of sovereignty by the nation being imperialized.

FORMS OF IMPERIALISM I. Colonies (Colonialism): - “a country or territory governed internally by a foreign power” [text] - Imperial nation’s government administers directly, within the conquered territory - Usually involves a simultaneous stronger military presence by the imperial nation (or, sometimes use of native conscripts) - Often (but not always) involves migration and settlement of citizens from the imperial nation in the conquered territory. - DIRECT imperialism

FORMS OF IMPERIALISM II. Protectorate: - “a country or territory with its own internal [native] government, but under the control of an outside [foreign] power” [text] - Also known as a PUPPET GOVERNMENT:  Imperial nation selects or approves “leaders” of the nation being controlled  Imperial nation directs the foreign policies of the nation under control  Imperial nation “protects” the nation under control (either with their own troops, or by training & supplying the military of the nation under control) - INDIRECT imperialism

FORMS OF IMPERIALISM III. Sphere of Influence: - “an area in which an outside power claims exclusive economic privileges” [text] - Any region under the political, economic, or military influence of a more powerful nation, compelled to serve the interests of that nation (usually under threat of direct intervention) - Uses coercive, unequal treaties - Nation under control keeps native government - INDIRECT imperialism

FORMS OF IMPERIALISM IV. Economic Imperialism: - an “independent” but less-developed country controlled by [FOREIGN] private business interests [text] - Foreign business investments may occur under the encouragement and protection of the foreign business’s home government! - Troops are not always necessary (unless foreign investments are threatened by angry natives - labor strikes, revolutions, etc.) - Uses CAPITAL as a weapon! - INDIRECT imperialism

FORMS OF IMPERIALISM MOST DIRECT Colonialism Protectorate Sphere of Influence Economic Imperialism LEAST DIRECT (most indirect)

3) Methods of imperial control (HOW?): 1. INDIRECT control: - Local (native) government officials used - Limited self-rule (NOT fully sovereign!) - “develop future leaders”… TRANSLATION: bribe / support corrupt & undemocratic leaders to serve the imperial nation’s interests = establish PUPPET GOVERNMENTS - Government institutions (services & organization) intermix with local (native) ones. - Does NOT always use troops to control - Rather, uses CAPITAL INVESTMENT and PROTECTION as tools of control (and access to resources) - MODERN IMPERIALISM!

3) Methods of imperial control (HOW?): 2. DIRECT control: - Foreign officials brought in to rule (no self-rule) - Often involves FORCED ASSIMILATION of native population (might include settlement of imperial nation’s citizens in the conquered land) - Conquering nation’s rules apply to political, economic, and social institutions - Often involves use of superior MILITARY strength to control (send troops, or conscript native troops) - a.k.a. TRADITIONAL IMPERIALISM

FORMS OF IMPERIALISM Economic Imperialism (further explained): POSITIVE aspects: + promotes foreign CAPITAL INVESTMENT + encourages TRADE + creates JOBS + develops a poor nation’s economy & infrastructure + foreign company may invest in some health & education services for its native labor force

FORMS OF IMPERIALISM Economic Imperialism (further explained): NEGATIVE aspects: - Profits from a nation’s labor, resources, or markets disproportionately benefit the imperial/industrial nation - Imposes unfair trading terms (resources at undervalued prices; labor w/ low wages & outlawed unions) - Often involves bribing & supporting dictators (and corrupt “presidents”) of underdeveloped nations (economically & militarily) for access to resources - Some development occurs (infrastructure, health, education), but NO MIDDLE CLASS GROWTH occurs over time (nation STAYS POOR b/c profits flow OUT of country, instead of being re-invested in the country). - Though unfair, is a LEGAL AGREEMENT signed w/ a “sovereign” government.