THE WORLD IN 1050 Scholars studied Greek and Roman writings. Merchants mingled with traders from the Italian states. Mayas cleared rain forests to build cities. Native Americans in Peru built empires. The Sonike people built the great trading empire of Ghana. Merchants traded gold all over the world. Culture flourished under Tang and Song dynasties. Chinese made advances in technology. Cities thrived, despite political division. Hinduism and Buddhism flourished. Islamic civilization spread from Spain to India. Islamic traders went as far as West Africa. As Western Europe was just emerging from a period of isolation, civilizations were thriving elsewhere. ISLAMIC EMPIRE INDIACHINA WEST AFRICAAMERICASBYZANTINE EMPIRE c. Jarrett, Zimmer, Killoran, Mastering the TEKS

THE RISE OF ISLAM

 In the fifth century, warfare between the Byzantine and Persian Empires interrupted overland trade routes from East Asia.  Trade in spices, Chinese silks, and Indian cottons, shifted to the sea routes connecting India with Arabia and the Read Sea.  Overland caravans carried goods up the western coast of the Arabian Peninsula. Cities and towns developed near wells along these caravan routes, including Mecca.  In the 7 th century, a new religion emerged here: Islam.  The term Islam is Arabic for submission.  Within a hundred years, Islam grew to control an area larger than the Roman Empire. c. Jarrett, Zimmer, Killoran, Mastering the TEKS

 Mohammed, the founder of Islam, worked in Mecca as a merchant and shepherd.  In 610, Mohammed had a vision that the Angel Gabriel told him to convert the Arab tribes, who then believed in many gods, to belief in a single God, known in Arabic as “ALLAH.”  Muslims are strict monotheists.  They believe in the Judeo- Christian God, which they call Allah.  Muslims believe that the Torah and the Bible, like the Qur’an, is the word of God. MOHAMMED: THE PROPHET OF ISLAM

Islam  An Abrahamic Religion  622  Hijrah  Mohammed flees Mecca for Medina. * The beginning of the Muslim calendar (1 A.H.)  Mohammed's revelations were compiled into the Qur’an after his death. Mohammed will gather his followers to retake Mecca in a jihad

The Qur’an  Sacred text of Islam: Muslims believe it contains the word of God.  114 suras (chapters).  In the name of Allah, the compassionate, the merciful.  Written in Arabic.

THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM

“Sunni” – in Arabic come from a word meaning “one who follows the traditions of the Prophet” caliph (leader) should be chosen by leaders of the Muslim community caliph should be a pious Muslim he is a leader, not a religious authority “Shia” in Arabic means a group or supportive party of people historically, Shia Muslims have not recognized the authority of elected Muslim leaders (Sunnis) follow a line of imams (prayer leaders in mosques) they believe were appointed by the Prophet or God HimselfSunni: أهل السنة والجماعة‎ Shi’a شيعة‎

ISLAM INFLUENCES LAW & GOVERNMENT IN MUSLIM WORLD  Sharia  body of Islamic law to regulate moral conduct, family life, business practices, government, and other aspects of a Muslim community.  Applies Qur’an to all legal situations.  Interpretation of Sharia varies between Sunni and Shi’a sects of Islam

ISLAM SPREADS- UMAYYADS By the time of Mohammed’s death almost all of Arabia had converted to Islam, but now the tribes were united under one cause, one language (Arabic), and one religion. However, by this time the Byzantines and Persians were both weakened from centuries of fighting each other and Arab Muslims succeeded in creating a vast empire that extended from the Indus Valley into Europe as far west as Spain, where it was halted at the Battle of Tours. Under the first four Caliphs (successor to Mohammed) Islam will expand rapidly. These leaders will be known as the Umayyad Caliphate. The wars of expansion were also advanced by the devotion of the faithful to the concept of jihad. Muslims are obliged to extend the faith to unbelievers and to defend Islam from attack. Age of the Caliphs Caliphs Expansion under Muhammad, 622– 632/A.H. 1-11Muhammad Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661/A.H Rashidun Caliphate Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750/A.H Umayyad Caliphate

750 C.E., the Abbasids took over the caliphate. The Abbasids will focus on trade rather than war. Move capital to Baghdad (House of Wisdom) that preserved and translated scientific/medical documents into Arabic Achievement: Algebra & Astrolabe Muslim rulers treated Jews and Christians with respect since they believed to worship the same God. Permitted to have self-governing communities Had to pay a special tax & could not hold some public office ABASSID CALIPHATE

While learning was in decline in Western Europe, a Golden Age of Muslim Culture flourished– a period of great advances in culture and technology. Arab Muslims absorbed the cultural achievements of the Greeks, Persians, Romans, Jews and Byzantines. They also controlled a trading area larger than the ancient Roman Empire had been. Goods from India, China, Africa, Spain, and the eastern Mediterranean entered through Arab territories. Mathematics: Arab scholars borrowed the concept of zero from India and developed algebra and geometry. Arts and Crafts: Mohammed forbade making images of God or people. Islamic art is largely made up of geometric designs, flowers, and stars. Their textiles, leather works, and rugs are highly prized. Medicine : Arab doctors discovered that blood moves to an from the heart. They learned to diagnose many diseases, including measles and smallpox. Architecture : Muslim rulers built beautiful palaces and mosques, richly decorated with mosaics, calligraphy, and geometrical designs. THE GOLDEN AGE OF MUSLIM CULTURE

The rich Islamic Empire attracted invaders from Central Asia: In the 11 th century Baghdad was captured by the Seljuk Turks, a Turkish tribe from Central Asia. However, the Seljuk Turks converted to Islam and Baghdad remained the capital of their new empire. In the 12 th century, Muslims warred with the Christians over control of the Holy Land in the Crusades. Christians captured Jerusalem in 1099, but the city was later retaken by the Muslim leader and warrior, Saladin ( ). Saladin remains a hero to the Islamic world for uniting the Arabs and defeating the Crusaders in battle. ISLAMIC WORLD IN LATER YEARS

GROWTH OF ISLAM 1.6 billion Muslims today – expected to be 2.5 billion by 2030 Asia/Africa/Pacific Region 7 out of every 10 a Muslim Fastest growing Religion in the World 1.Indonesia183,000,0006.Iran62,000,000 2.Pakistan134,000,0007.Egypt59,000,000 3.India121,000,0008.Nigeria53,000,000 4.Bangladesh114,000,0009.Algeria31,000,000 5.Turkey66,000,00010.Morocco29,000,000