1. The Muslim World

2. SOL Standards Essential Questions
Where did the Islamic religion originate? Where did it spread?
What are the beliefs, traditions, and customs of Islam?
How did geography influence the rapid expansion of territory under Muslim rule?
How did political and cultural geography facilitate trade and cultural activity in the early Islamic lands?
What were some major historical turning points that marked the spread and influence of Islamic civilization?
How did Islamic civilization preserve and extend ancient Greek, Persian, and Indian learning?
What were some contributions of Islamic civilization?

3. Origins of Islam Arabian Peninsula (present-day Saudi Arabia)
The cities of Mecca and Medina
Based on the monotheism of Abraham.

4. The Founder of Islam Muhammad
Muhammad had a vision that an angel came to him and told him that there was only one god “Allah”.
He spread his monotheistic message in Mecca (at first).
He is known as “The (last and greatest) Prophet”
Who was the founder of Islam? No real picture exists
Artist depiction

5. Mecca Birthplace of Islam Pilgrimage center
Muhammad was driven from Mecca, and fled to Medina. After years of fighting, he returned to Mecca and destroyed the idols at the Kaaba.
Hajj Mosque

6. Muslims believe that this shrine was built by the prophet Abraham.
Kaaba
Muslims believe that this shrine was built by the prophet Abraham.

7. Medina
Muhammad migrated to Medina and attracted a large devoted following.
He became a religious, political and military leader.
City of Lights

8. Beliefs of Islam One God: “Allah” Five pillars Quran
Judeo-Christian prophets: Abraham, Moses and Jesus
Allah in Arabic

9. Five Pillars of Islam Declaration of Faith: One God Daily Prayer
Alms (charity) to the Poor
Fasting during Ramadan
Pilgrimage (holy journey) to Mecca to visit the Kaaba (Hajj)

10. five times a day- facing Mecca
Daily Prayer
five times a day- facing Mecca

11. Alms for the Poor
Charity

12. Fasting
During the month of Ramadan no food or drink is taken from sunrise to sunset.
fasting encourages self-control and discipline.

13. Hajj
Pilgrimage to Mecca (if able) at least once during a person’s lifetime.
Believed to have been built by Abraham.
.The small, cubed building may not rival skyscrapers in height or mansions in width, but its impact on history and human beings is unmatched. Since time immemorial world travelers have known this town and this stone built house. This is Baytullah, the House of Allah. Its sanctity and antiquity is older than history itself.
The Baytullah\Kaaba is the building towards which Muslims face five times a day, everyday, in prayer. This has been the case since the time of Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him & his family) over 1400 years ago. Literally, Kaaba in Arabic means a high place with respect and prestige. The word Kaaba may also be derivative of a word meaning a cube.
The other names of the Kaaba, are Bait ul Ateeq - which means, according to one meaning, the earliest and ancient. According to the second meaning, it means independent and liberating. Both meanings could be taken. Bait ul Haram - the honorable house. Scholars and historians say that the Kaaba has been reconstructed between five to 12 times.
Tradition goes that the Kaaba was ordained by Allah to be built in the shape of the House in Heaven called Baitul Ma'amoor. Allah in his infinite Mercy ordained a similar place on earth and Prophet Adam (p.b.u.h.) was the first to build this place. The Bible, in the chapter of Genesis describes its building when God ordained Abraham (p.b.u.h.) to erect a Shrine for worship when Abraham (p.b.u.h.) was ordered to go to the southern desert with his wife Hager (p.b.u.h.) and infant son Ishmael (p.b.u.h.). The Old Testament describes this building as the Shrine of God at several places, but the one built at Ma'amoor is very much similar to the one at Makkah. There is no doubt that it was referring to the stone built house at Makkah.
Holy Qur'an brought this story into the full light of history. Say: "Allah spoken the Truth: follow the religion of Abraham, the sane in faith; he was not of the Pagans." The first House (of worship) appointed for men was that at Bakka: Full of blessing and of guidance for all kinds of beings. (Holy Qur'an 3:95-96)
From the above verses Holy Qur'an firmly establishes the fact that Abraham (p.b.u.h.) was the real founder of the Holy Shrine.
When Prophet Abraham (p.b.u.h.) built the Holy Shrine in Makka, his prayers were that this place should remain a center of worship for all good and pious people; that Allah should keep his family the custodians of the Holy place. Ever since, Ishmael (p.b.u.h.) the son of Abraham (p.b.u.h.) who helped his father to build this place and his descendants remained the custodians of the Holy Shrine. History tells us that centuries passed and the guardianship of the Kaaba remained in the family of Ishmael (p.b.u.h.) until the name of Abde Manaf came into the limelight. He inherited this service and made it much more prominent. His son Hashim took this leadership and extended it to many other towns of Hijaz so much so that many pilgrims flocked annually to this place and enjoyed Hashim's hospitality. A feast was given in honor of the pilgrims, the family of Hashim served food and water to all guests. This prominence created jealousies and his brother Abdusham's adopted son Omayya tried to create trouble. There was a dispute in which Omayya failed and left Makka to settle down in the Northern provinces of Syria (Sham). After Hashim his brother Muttalib and after him Hashim's son Shyba who became known as Abdul Muttalib assumed the leadership of the family. He organized feasts and supplies of water to the pilgrims during the annual festival of pilgrimage to the Holy Shrine.

14. The Quran (Koran) is the holy book of Islam:
Muslims believe it perfects the earlier revelations from God (in the Bible)

15. Islam Spreads
At first, Islam spread along trade routes from Mecca and Medina
Muslims believed they had a duty to spread their religion and began to build an empire.

16. The Byzantine and Persian Empires were weak.
Islam Spreads
As the Muslim Empire grew, Islam spread into Fertile Crescent, Iran and Egypt, including the cities of Jerusalem and Damascus.
The Byzantine and Persian Empires were weak.

17. Islam Spreads
Finally it spread into Central Asia, across Northern Africa and into Spain (Green areas)
The Muslim empire grew quickly despite great distances, deserts, and mountain barriers.

18. Damascus
Under the Umayadd dynasty the capital of the Muslim Empire was moved far from Mecca to Damascus (in Syria) in order to better control distant territories.

19. Sunni – Shi’a Division
This split in Islamic religion was caused by disagreement over succession (choosing the next caliph)
The two sects (branches)of Islam have a long history of tension and rivalry .

20. The vast majority of Muslims belong to the Sunni sect.
Sunni Muslims
The Sunni believed that all of the first four caliphs (religious and political leaders), were the rightful successors of the Prophet Muhammed.
The vast majority of Muslims belong to the Sunni sect.

21. Shi’a Muslims
Shi’a believed the caliph should be a relative of Muhammad (descendant of Ali –the 4th Caliph).
Shi’a Islam is the state religion of present-day Iran and the majority religion in Iraq and Lebanon.

22. Battle of Tours
A battle between the Muslims and the Franks (a Germanic tribe) which took place in Tours (in present-day France)
The Franks won and stopped the Muslims from advancing beyond (present-day) Spain and further into Western Europe.

23. Baghdad
Under the Abassid’s, the capital of the Islamic Empire was moved to Baghdad (present-day Iraq), due to its location at the point where the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers almost meet.

24. Baghdad
This location provided access to key trade routes which gave the caliph access to trade goods, gold, and information about the Empire.

25. The Muslim Empire did not stay politically united.
The empire began to split up into independent Muslim states – but Muslims remained unified by a common religion, language, and trade.

26. Crusades
In 1096 Western Europeans launched a crusade (holy war) to reclaim Jerusalem and the holy lands.

27. Crusades
In 1099, Crusaders captured Jerusalem and massacred its Muslim and Jewish inhabitants.

28. Saladin
In 1187, Saladin, a Muslim ruler retook Jerusalem and Damascus from Christian Crusaders.

29. Ottoman Turks
The Ottoman Turks were nomads who converted to Islam and conquered what remained of the Byzantine Empire in 1453.
Constantinople (present-day Istanbul) became capital of the Ottoman Empire.

30. Islam Today
In the High Middle Ages Islam spread further into Central Asia, Southeast Asia and West Africa.
Today Islam is the dominant religion in the Middle East, North Africa, and Indonesia

31. Cultural Achievements
Architecture
Mosaics
Arabic alphabet
Universities
Translation of ancient texts into Arabic

32. Dome of the Rock
The earliest surviving Muslim mosque (house of worship)
Built on a site in Jerusalem holy to Muslims and Jews.

33. Pictures made up of bits of stone and glass.
Mosaics
Pictures made up of bits of stone and glass.
Muslims used geometric designs because they were not permitted to picture holy beings

34. Ancient Greek and Roman texts were translated into Arabic.
Arabic Language
The Arabic language spread with Islam and facilitated trade across Islamic lands
Ancient Greek and Roman texts were translated into Arabic.

35. Muslim Universities
Centers of learning for Christian Europeans as well as Muslims during the middle ages
Al Azhar university mosque, Cairo

36. Other Contributions Arabic numerals (adapted from India) Algebra
Medicine
Letters of credit (checks)
Geographic knowledge

37. Arabic Numerals
Also called Hindu-Arabic numbers
Improved trade

38. Muslim Medicine Far more advanced than in Europe.
First true hospitals.
The works of al Razi became the standard medical textbooks at European schools for 500 years.
First true hospitals.
al Razi

39. Lateen Sail
Arab traders crossed the Indian Ocean in ships with lateen sails which enabled them to sail closer to the wind.
By the tenth century, this technology reached Europe from the Middle East.

40. Slavery
Slavery was commonplace in many Muslim areas until modern times.
Slavery was not based on race.

41. Reflection
The hegira marks Mohammed’s flight from Mecca to A. Damascus. B. Baghdad. C. Jerusalem. D. Medina.
Which of the following is NOT one of the Pillars of Islam? A. Giving charity B. Fasting during Ramadan C. Being baptized D. Making a pilgrimage
What city is important not only to Muslims, but to Jews and Christians as well? A. Mecca B. Jerusalem C. Constantinople D. Cairo
Which of the following is true about the Koran? A. It was written by Mohammed. B. It has been changed over time. C. It was recorded by Mohammed’s followers. D. It includes the Old and New Testament.
Who of the following is NOT regarded as a prophet by Muslims? A. Jesus B. Paul C. Abraham D. Mohammed

42. Reflection
An important cultural contribution of the Muslims would be the A. development of gunpowder. B. preservation of ancient Greek and Roman texts. C. establishment of trade with Australia. D. building of churches throughout the empire.
As trade expanded in the Islamic Empire, many people adopted the Arabic language. This event would be best characterized by what term below? A. Acculturation B. Ethnocentrism C. Diffusion D. Xenophobia
When Muslims pray, they face A. the east. B. Mecca. C. Jerusalem. D. the nearest mosque.
Which of the following represents the correct order of the Islamic dynasties from the 7th to the 13th century? A. Umayyad, Abbasid, Seljuk B. Abbasid, Seljuk, Umayyad C. Abbasid, Shi’ite, Sunni D. Umayyad, Shi’ite, Abbasid
All of the following are scientific achievements of the Muslims EXCEPT: A. invention of the compass. B. Al Jabr or Algebra. C. adaptation of Arabic numerals. D. medicine.

43. Reflection
Where did Islam begin? A. Iberian Peninsula B. Africa C. Arabian Peninsula D. Europe
Who is the founder of Islam? A. Mohammed B. Zoroaster C. Gautama D. Abraham
What famous battle halted the spread of Islam into western Europe? A. Hastings B. Tours C. Salamis D. Agincourt
At its height, the Islamic empire expanded from A. east Asia to Europe. B. the Indus River Valley to the Atlantic Ocean. C. the Nile River Valley to the Pacific Ocean. D. west Africa to Scandinavia.
Where did traders and merchants spread Islam? A. Northern Europe B. Southeast Asia C. Australia D. America