Chapter 11 Roman Republic to Empire Rome: Republic to Empire Period 2

Chapter 11 Roman Republic to Empire Romulus and Remus Twins of legend Rome founded by Romulus 753 B.C.E. Indo-European migrants ca. 2000 B.C.E. Appearance of bronze metallurgy ca. 1800 B.C.E.; iron ca. 900 B.C.E. The Etruscans Originally from Anatolia Colonized Po River valley to Naples region Society declined, late sixth century B.C.E. Greek maritime attacks Celtic invasions from north Period 2

Chapter 11 Roman Republic to Empire The Kingdom of Rome Roman overthrow of last Etruscan king, 509 B.C.E. Roman forum built Republican constitution Executive: two consuls Senate Establishment of the Republic Monarchy through seventh to sixth century B.C.E. Streets, temples, public buildings Major center of trade routes Period 2

Conflicts between Patricians and Plebeians Chapter 11 Roman Republic to Empire Conflicts between Patricians and Plebeians Patricians: aristocrats Plebeians: commoners Major class conflict, fifth century B.C.E. Plebeians allowed to elect tribunes for representation Rights expanded through third century B.C.E. Constitution allowed for dictators to be appointed in times of crisis Period 2

The Expansion of the Republic Chapter 11 Roman Republic to Empire The Expansion of the Republic Domination of Etruscans in central Italy Seized access to iron industry, fifth to fourth century B.C.E. Expansion via military threat and incentives Tax exemptions Trade privileges Citizenship The Punic Wars Conflict with Carthage, 264–146 B.C.E. Three major wars over Sicilian grain supply Later conflict with declining Hellenistic empires Rome dominated Mediterranean by middle of second century B.C.E. Period 2

Imperial Expansion and Domestic Problems Chapter 11 Roman Republic to Empire Imperial Expansion and Domestic Problems Land distribution Perennial problem Development of large plantations, latifundia Unfair competition for smaller landholders Period 2

Chapter 11 Roman Republic to Empire The Gracchi Brothers Tiberius and Gaius Attempted to limit land holdings of aristocrats Tiberius assassinated; Gaius executed Development of private armies made up of landless peasants Gaius Marius (with reformers) Lucius Cornelius Sulla (with aristocrats) Civil War Rome taken by Gaius Marius, 87 B.C.E. Driven out by Lucius Cornelius Sulla, 83 B.C.E. Reign of terror followed Period 2

The Foundation of Empire Chapter 11 Roman Republic to Empire The Foundation of Empire Nephew of Marius, Julius Caesar Escaped Sulla’s terror Relatively young; well-timed trip abroad Active role in Roman politics as member of First Triumvirate Public spectacles; victories in Gaul; rising popularity Caesar turned army toward Rome, 49 B.C.E. Named self dictator for life, 46 B.C.E. Period 2

Chapter 11 Roman Republic to Empire Caesar’s Policies Centralized military, governance under personal control Redistribution of land to war veterans, other allies Major building projects to reduce urban unemployment Extended citizenship to provinces Aristocrats alienated by Caesar’s rule Caesar assassinated, 44 B.C.E. Period 2

Chapter 11 Roman Republic to Empire Augustus Civil conflict following death of Caesar Power belonged to Octavian Octavian’s defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra Took title of Augustus, 27 B.C.E. Augustus’s Administration Monarchy disguised as a republic Increasing centralization of political, military power Stabilized empire Death of Augustus, 14 C.E. Period 2

Continuing Expansion and Integration Chapter 11 Roman Republic to Empire Continuing Expansion and Integration Roman occupation of increasingly remote areas Gaul, Germany, Britain, Spain Coordination of crop production, transport of natural resources Developed infrastructure Cities emerged Period 2

Chapter 11 Roman Republic to Empire The Pax Romana “Roman peace” beginning with reign of Augustus Persisted for two and a half centuries Facilitated trade, communication Roman roads Curbs, drainage Flat paving stones, milestones Postal service Sea lanes throughout Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea Period 2

Chapter 11 Roman Republic to Empire Roman Law Twelve Tables, 449 B.C.E. Adapted to diverse populations under Roman rule Innocent until proven guilty Right to challenge accusers in court Commercial Agriculture and Trade Latifundia: production for export Increasing regional specialization Integration of empire-wide economy Periplus maris erythraei: “sailing itinerary of the Red Sea” Period 2

Chapter 11 Roman Republic to Empire The City of Rome Tremendous cash flow Taxes, tribute, spoils, commerce Massive construction projects Statuary, monumental architecture, aqueducts Use of concrete, invented by Roman engineers Roman Cities and Their Attractions Imported goods Underground sewage Circus Maximus Accommodated 250,000 spectators Roman Colosseum Seating for 50,000 Mock naval battles Gladiatorial games Period 2

Chapter 11 Roman Republic to Empire Family and Society Paterfamilias: “father of the family” Right to arrange marriages, sell children into slavery Women not allowed to inherit property Enforcement inconsistent Wealth and Social Change Newly rich rivaled old nobility Poverty also becoming considerable problem Imperial authorities sought to distract with “bread and circuses” (Juvenal) Period 2

Chapter 11 Roman Republic to Empire Slavery Second century C.E., slaves estimated at one-third of empire’s population Customary manumission at age 30 Agricultural work, quarries, mines Chain labor Several large-scale revolts Most serious under Spartacus, 73 B.C.E. Period 2

Chapter 11 Roman Republic to Empire Roman Deities Polytheistic Major gods Tutelary deities Absorption of gods from other cultures Cicero and Stoicism Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 B.C.E.) Major orator, writer Influenced by Greek thought Proponent of Stoicism Period 2

Religions of Salvation Reflected political and social conditions of Hellenistic period Appeal: sense of purpose, promise of glorious future existence Mithraism From Zoroastrian myth: god of sun, light Roman version emphasized strength, courage, discipline Women not admitted Appealed to military Cult of Isis also popular Among cults that made place for both men and women

Chapter 11 Roman Republic to Empire The Jews and the Empire Jewish monotheism at odds with most ancient cultures Refusal to recognize state gods Several Jewish rebellions against overlords Romans ultimately crushed Jewish self-governance in Jewish War (66–70 C.E.) Period 2

Chapter 11 Roman Republic to Empire Jesus of Nazareth Jewish teacher Moral code, reputation for miracle-working Romans feared instigation of rebellion; crucified Jesus Jesus’ Early Followers Belief in Jesus’ resurrection, divine nature Title Christ: “anointed one” Teachings recorded in New Testament Paul of Tarsus Extended teachings far beyond Jewish circles Traveled widely throughout Roman empire Missionary activity Period 2

Early Christian Communities Chapter 11 Roman Republic to Empire Early Christian Communities Local leaders: bishops Regional variation in doctrine and ritual Nature of resurrection Role of women Gradual acceptance of core texts The Growth of Early Christianity Roman campaigns of persecution Yet dramatic expansion of Christianity Especially with dispossessed, disfranchised classes Urban poor Women Period 2