Session 2 Biomolecules and Enzymes Biology STAAR Review Session 2 Biomolecules and Enzymes

WELCOME!!!! NO EATING OR DRINKING ALLOWED IN THE AUDITORIUM Put away your phones and any other distractions Have handy a pen & a highlighter

B9A: You are expected to compare the functions of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. B9C: You are expected to identify and investigate the role of enzymes

Carbohydrates Composed of C, H, O Monomer – monosaccharides (sugars) Structure/shape – hexagon Function – source of quick energy, structure/support of cells Examples Mono: Glucose, fructose Poly: Cellulose, glycogen, starch Found in – fruits & veggies Starch Glucose

Lipids Composed of C, H, O Monomer – One glycerol & 3 fatty acids Structure/shape – E Function- Stores long-term energy, insulation & protection Main component of cell membrane Provides waterproof covering Examples - Fats, oils(mono & polyunsaturated) Found in – butter, animal fats, oils

Protein Composed of C, H, O, N Structure/shape Monomer – amino acids Function Build cells & body structures Transports molecules in cell membranes Examples – Enzymes, hormones Found in muscles, bone, skin, hair, Amino acids

Nucleic Acid Composed of C, H, O, N, P Monomer – nucleotides Structure/shape-sugar, nitrogen base and a phosphate Function Store & transmit genetic info Instruction for protein synthesis Examples DNA, RNA

Monomers that make up Polymers MONOSACCHARIDES FATTY ACIDS AMINO ACIDS NUCLEOTIDES POLYSACCHARIDES TRIGLYCERIDES PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS

Enzymes Enzymes control the rate of chemical reactions by weakening bonds, and lowering the amount of activation energy needed

Enzymes Specialized proteins, catalysts (speed up chemical reactions), can either build or break down molecules

Enzymes Do NOT change during reaction, are reusable, Are specific to reaction & end in “-ase” Example: Lactase speeds up the breakdown of lactose

Enzyme Structure SUBSTRATE ACTIVE SITE

Factors that affect enzymes Environmental conditions Temperature, pH, Salt

Factors that affect enzymes Inhibitors Chemicals interfere with active site

Factors that affect enzymes Coenzymes/cofactors Needed for enzymes to bind properly to substrates Ex. Zinc, iron, vitamins

The diagram represents one way an enzyme can be inhibited The diagram represents one way an enzyme can be inhibited. Which statement explains the effect of an inhibitor on an enzyme? A. A substrate will be able to bond with the enzyme. B. The enzyme will likely be attacked by immune cells. C. The enzyme will be unable to produce more enzymes. D. A substrate will be unable to attach to the enzyme.

Four different nucleotides are used as building blocks of DNA Four different nucleotides are used as building blocks of DNA. Which of the following can be used to distinguish one nucleotide from another? F. The nitrogenous base G. The shape of the deoxyribose sugar H. The length of the phosphate group J. The type of fatty acid

Lactose is found in milk products Lactose is found in milk products. It is converted by the body into a usable form in a series of chemical reactions. The diagram shows the series of reactions that convert lactose into a usable form. If Enzyme 2 is denatured, the levels of which substance will increase? F. Lactose G. Galactose H. Galactose-1-phosphate J. Glucose-6-phosphate

Our next STAAR Review Session is Monday, April 8th We will be covering Cell Processes including Cell Transport, Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

The complex carbohydrates pictured below are made by linking molecules of glucose. In all three complex carbohydrates, the subunits of glucose are bonded together differently. Because they have different structures, they most likely — A. contain different chemical elements B. form different proteins C. carry different nucleotides D. perform different functions