BACTERIA

Kingdom Eubacteria (True Bacteria) everywhere – air, water, land, and living organisms including people. General Characteristics: 1. unicellular (one-celled) 2. prokaryotic – no nucleus (no nuclear envelope) 3. cell walls – NO cellulose in cell walls 4. aerobic (with O2) and anaerobic (w/O2) - depends on species

Bacteria – Different shapes Coccus (Sphere-shaped) Ex: Streptococcus Bacilli (rod-shaped) Ex: Lactobacillus Spirillum (Spiral-shaped) Ex: Spirillum

What shape? bacillus spirillum coccus spirillum coccus bacillus

Nutrition and Digestion Heterotrophic (other-feeding) Photoheterotrophic (other and auto) Photoautotroph (photosynthesize & has chloroplast) Chemoautotroph (eats – chemicals – useful for environmental cleanup) Digestion (extra-cellular)

Reproduction * Binary fission (mitosis copy divide…) * Asexual

Bacteria are much larger in size than viruses.

Causes Disease by: 1. Destroying cells of infected organisms by breaking the cells down for food.

Anthrax Tetanus 2. RELEASING TOXIN– Examples: Botulism, tetanus, Staphylococcus aureus ANEROBIC BACTERIS – TOXIN IN IMPROPERLY CANNED FOODS Tetanus

Different Hosts

Prevention and Treatment of Bacterial Infections Hygiene (washing hands) Sanitation (drinking clean water and waste water treatment in area) Diet, rest, safe-sex or no- sex) Treatment: Antibiotics, rest, fluids,

Antibiotic Resistance Natural Selection Bacteria most resistant to antibiotics survive, pass along their resistant trait. Three methods of bacteria sharing genes – - conjugation - transformation - transduction Antibiotic Resistance

Example: E. coli Cytoplasm Genetic Material Cell Wall Cell Membrane Flagella Example: E. coli

Antibiotic Resistance Activity Complete Chip – Antibiotic Resistance Lab

Antibiotic Resistance Video https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=antibiotic+resistance+video&&view=detail&mid=87E567736A9ECA8ACAA787E567736A9ECA8ACAA7&&FORM=VRDGAR

Create a Superbug Bacterial Cell Choose one of the shapes and Draw the shape- take up about ½ the paper.

CELL WALL Around the cell membrane just drawn, add the cell wall components- Choose one or both gram + or gram –

Step 3, 4, 5 Move along and add DNA into a region. Remember in prokaryotic cells the DNA is not enclosed in a nucleus like in eukaryotic cells.

Beneficial Uses Decomposer - breakdown dead matter to recycle nutrients into ecosystem -

Example: Compost piles need microorganisms (ex Example: Compost piles need microorganisms (ex. bacteria) to decompose (breakdown) matter.

Making Food- bacteria in 2:08 minute video yogurt, sour cream and cheese

Environmental Cleanup - Oil spills – some bacteria can digest small oil spills and other chemical contamination

Genetic Engineering - Using bacteria to manufacture proteins for genetic disorders (insulin, growth hormone, clotting factor)

symbiotic relationship – Host/bacteria benefit (your microbiome) Example: E. coli in intestines helps us digest food and make vitamins (such as Vitamin K and B-complex) In return, human intestines provide food and shelter for bacteria. (This strain of E. coli is different from the E. coli strain that causes food poisoning.)

3:07 minute video

3:15 minute video

Geyser Salt Lake City Kingdom Archaebacteria First known prokaryotes- Archaebacteria (archae=ancient) b. Live in very harsh environments (known as extremophiles)– high salt content, hot temperatures, acidic or alkaline environments Hydrothermal vents

3:12 minute video

c. intestines of animals, especially cows and other grazing animals – methanogens Produce methane gas – greatly affects our atmosphere by combining with O2 to make CO2 for photosynthesis d. Same size and shape as Eubacteria, but different biochemical makeup methanogenic archaebacteria

Importance of Microflora Watch Nova Movie – “What’s Living In you?” and complete worksheet https://www.pbs.org/video/nova-wonders-whats-living-in-you-fnbfuy/