1. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Section 9.3

2. Archaebacteria Oldest living organisms ~3.5 billion years Prokaryotes
Archae – means “primitive” or “old”
Prokaryotes
Unicellular
Heterotrophs
Live in extreme habitats similar to the Earth when it was first formed.
Do not require oxygen (anaerobic)
Not recognized as different from other bacteria until the 1970s

3. Extremophiles

4. 3 Types Methanogens Extreme thermophiles Extreme halophiles
produce methane gas
Extreme thermophiles
up to 110oC
Extreme halophiles
salt-loving

5. Kingdom Eubacteria
“True bacteria”

6. Classification: 3 basic shapes
Coccus (pl: cocci)
Spherical
Bacillus (pl: bacilli)
Rod-shaped
Spirillum (pl: spirilla)
Spiral

7. Characteristics Prokaryotes
Unicellular, but cells may be found in clusters, pairs or chains
Autotrophs or heterotrophs
Adapted to many different environments
Arctic
Deep ocean
Inside and outside of animals’ bodies

8. Examples Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli Streptococcus mutans
Streptococcus pneumoniae

9. Similarities between the 2 kingdoms
Archaebacteria & Eubacteria were once one kingdom: Monera

10. Respiration
Respiration is necessary to provide heterotrophic organisms with energy
Eubacteria may be obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes or facultative anaerobes
Aerobic = needs oxygen
Anaerobic = does not need oxygen
Obligate = has to do, or has to have
So:
Obligate aerobes: have to have oxygen for respiration
Obligate anaerobes: do not use oxygen for respiration
Facultative anaerobes: prefer to do respiration with oxygen, but can also live without it

11. Eubacteria Nutrition Most: heterotrophs
Some: parasites (disease causing bacteria)
Some: decomposers (saphrophytes)
Some: autotrophs
Photosynthesis
Chemosynthesis (synthesize carbs using chemical reactions for energy)

12. Reproduction (both kingdoms)
Asexual
Resulting cells are identical
Binary fission
Bacterium makes a copy of its DNA
Cell gets bigger
Wall is formed between the 2 halves of the cell
Cell splits into 2

14. More reproduction… Sexual reproduction
Involves 2 separate bacteria cells
Donor makes contact with recipient and gives pieces of DNA (plasmids)
Called conjugation
Not common
Resulting cells are not identical (contributes to genetic variation)

16. Endospores Adaptation to surviving in unfavourable conditions
Genetic material surrounded by thick, resistant cell walls
Dormant (resting)
Can stay dormant until
favourable conditions
return

17. Beneficial bacteria Some produce useful chemicals
Ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, butyl alcohol, acetones
Some produce food for humans through fermentation
Cheese, yoghurt, sauerkraut
Some produce antibiotics to fight other types of harmful bacteria
Decomposers recycle nutrients
Some bacteria breakdown harmful chemicals

19. Disease Many are pathogens Cause harm in different ways:
Destroy cells and/or tissues
Produce toxins
Interfere with normal functions of cells and tissues
Bacteria can be transmitted from person to person

21. Homework
Practice questions, page 344 #1-7