1. Prokaryotes

2. What We Need to Learn!
Key characteristics of members of the kingdom archaebacteria and kingdom eubacteria
Structure (how they are built)
Type of nutrition and growth
Bacteria and disease
Useful bacteria

3. Kingdoms of Bacteria
Two main groups the Archaebacteria and the Eubacteria
What do we already know about these?

4. Archaebacteria
Extreme Bacteria

5. Archaebacteria Characteristics
3.5 billion years old
Live in extreme conditions
Nonpathogenic
Differ from eubacteria
Cell membranes are built from different types of fats
Cell walls are built from different carbohydrates than the eubacteria.
There are three main groups
Methanogens
Extreme halophiles
Extreme thermoacidophiles/thermophile
Methanogens: found in swamps, marshes, guts of animals, use hydrogen and carbon dioxide to make methane, anaerobic
Halophiles: found in the dead sea/Great Salt lake, salt-lovers, spoil salty foods like jerky
Thermophiles: found in Yellow Stone National Park, volcanic vents, thrive in hot, acidic environments (60-80 degrees)

6. Eubacteria
True Bacteria

7. Eubacteria Characteristics - Energy
Eubacteria get their energy and nutrition in many different ways
Aerobic and anaerobic
Anaerobes is any organism that does not require oxygen for growth ex. Clostridium butyricum
Aerobes require oxygen
Producers
Photosynthetic
Chemosynthetic
Consumers
Symbiotic
Parasitic
Saprophytic
Saprophytic – feed on dead or decaying organisms

8. General Characteristics of Bacteria
Bacterial shapes
Bacillus – rod shaped
Coccus- spherical
Spirilla – corkscrew
Staphylococci – clusters of cocci bacteria
Streptococci- chains of cocci bacteria
Reproduction
asexually by binary fission

9. Binary Fission
qxI4

10. Structure of Bacterial Cells
Smaller than plant and animal cells
Have cell membranes that surround their cytoplasm
Inside the bacterial cells there is a chromosome, ribosomes and sometimes an extra circular piece of DNA called a plasmid
No cell membrane-bound organelles (prokaryotic)

11. Other Features of Bacteria
Endospores- some bacteria are able to produce spores that are capable of withstanding harsh conditions.
Motility- some bacteria move by use of a flagella. Some spiral shaped bacteria move by a corkscrew motion, others can contract and slide along ex. Myxobacteria
Some eubacteria are pathogenic

12. E. Coli Moving c

13. Types of Eubacteria
Eubacteria can be divided into at least 12 phyla’s, we will look at 4
First 3 major divisions based upon cell wall
1. Mycoplasma
No cell wall
Smallest microorganisms capable of independent growth.
Some are pathogenic causing pneumonia in humans and cattle

14. 2. Gram positive bacteria
Thick cell walls
Widespread in soil and air
Used in the preparation of food products such as sauerkraut, buttermilk, and yogurt
Some are a source of antibiotics
Responsible for tooth decay
3. Gram Negative bacteria
Thin Cell wall -Tend to be antibiotic resistant
Responsible for strep throat
Many are photosynthetic and anaerobic

15. 4. Cyanobacteria
Blue/green bacteria – photosynthetic-contain chlorophyll but it is not in a chloroplasts
Aerobes
Can cause green color in polluted lakes-bloom
Helped put oxygen in primitive atmosphere

16. Pathogenic Bacteria Some eubacteria cause disease
Enter the body in a number of ways
Some produce toxins
Bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics(cure) and vaccines(preventative)
Safety of the foods we eat have improved due to pasteurization, radiation, canning, refrigeration, FDA, etc

17. Beneficial Bacteria Some bacteria produce antibiotics. Why?
Answer: Antibiotics inhibit the growth of other rival bacteria
Bacteria are decomposers – saprophytes.
They recycle nutrients and rid our world of dead material. ex. nitrogen and carbon
Some bacteria can be used to clean up environmental pollutants and waste- bioremediation – ex. Oil spills

18. Beneficial Bacteria (con’t)
Help produce some of the foods we eat such as yogurt, sour cream, cheese, sauerkraut, sugar syrups…..
Used in the production of medicines, enzymes, cleansers and adhesives.
Methane produced by bacteria is used as fuel.