North and South Chapter 19

Geography of the North Climate: 4 distinct seasons, hot humid summer and frozen winters Natural Features: New England coast: shipbuilding, fishing, and trade Rocky soil: impossible for farming Forests: thick forests were cut down for lumber, deforestation

Geography of the South Climate: mild winters and long, hot, humid summers, plenty of rain and long growing seasons Natural Features: Along the coast: swamps and marshes ideal for growing rice and sugarcane Inland: soil perfect for growing tobacco and corn

Economy of the North Industrial Revolution: the shift from hand manufacturing to machine/craftspeople to factories Industrialists: a new class of wealthy factory owners Economy grew rapidly due to new machinery that made work more efficient

Economy of the South Agrarian society: people who favor farming as a way of life Most southerners worked on small farms, but many were plantation owners who grew cash crops (cotton, tobacco, rice, sugarcane, and indigo) Eli Whitney and the cotton gin

Transportation in the North Better roads: Congress funded the “National Road” across Appalachian Mountains Fast ships and canals Railroads: one of the North’s biggest businesses

Transportation in the South People and goods moved on rivers Many towns and cities were along major rivers Southerners opposed bills in Congress that would use funds to build roads and train tracks

Society in the North Northerners believed ordinary people could be wealthy and influential through hard work Immigrants: Northerners resented newcomers African Americans: free in the North, but not treated as equals in society

Society in the South White southerners: measured wealth in land and slaves African Americans: most were slaves, very few were considered free