1. How to Study for Exams
Space your review out over several days, don’t try to do it all at once.
Focus on Understanding not Memorization
Step 1: Identify the information to be tested.
complete review guide,
read over notes provided by teacher
review Quizlet if available
Step 2: Identify what you don’t know (this is what you should spend the most time with)
Write down questions you have about this material
Seek out the answers to these questions
Step 3: Learning is active, do something with the material you need to master (don’t just re-read)
Write your own review questions, then answer them
Chunk the material and write summaries
Make flash cards
Draw a picture of the information
Create graphic notes (venn diagrams, flow charts, web maps, timelines)
Rank the information (by importance, based on your comfort, least interesting to most)
Step 4: Learning is social, Review with a friend or parent
Quiz each other on the material
Take turns reading your summaries
Explain your notes to them, teach the material
Compare your answers to the review guide- identify difference and look up the information to see who is right.

2. 19.2 Geography of the North
All four seasons in the North, cold winters and warm summers
Natural bays in Northwest perfect for use as harbors
Farming difficult some places because of rocky soil or deep valleys
Deforestation took place in Central Plains to make way for farmland

3. 19.3 Geography of the South
Climate and natural features encourage agriculture
Climate- long, warm, hot summers and mild winters
Swamps and marches along coast encourage growing rice and sugarcane
Broad flat rivers allowed Southern planters to transport their goods
Wide, fertile coastal plains

4. 19.4 Economy of the South
Most Southerners were agrarians, based life around farming
Few white Southerners owned plantations and slaves, most worked their own farms and made goods themselves
Eli Whitney’s cotton gin made cotton growing more efficient, increasing demand for slaves
Southerners put money into land and slaves instead of factories or railroads

5. 19.5 Economy of the North
Industrial Revolution was a shift from making goods by hand to using machines
Industrialists created large factories, located along fast moving streams to power machinery
New innovations shifted work from skilled craftspeople to less-skilled laborers
Factory owners preferred strong central government to promote improvements in trade, manufacturing and transportation
Inventions like the reaper and steel tipped plow greatly reduced the amount of labor to farm

6. 19.6 Transportation in the North
In 1806 Congress passed a bill funding construction for a National Road to connect eastern US to western
In 1807 Fulton’s steamboat showed that river travel faster then traveling by roads
Erie Canal built in 1817 connecting Central Plains to eastern cities
Railroads allowed travel even faster then steamboats, and could travel more locations
More then twice as many train tracks in North then South, connecting Northern factories with cities hundreds of miles away

7. 19.7 Transportation in the South
Slow current and broad channels made travel by river most common in South
Cotton was most important good shipped by river from plantation docks to Southern cities
As a result, most southern town and cities located along river ways
Southerners opposed bill to build more roads and canals, felt they didn’t need them (only benefit Northerners)
Some railroads in South but not many

8. 19.8 Society in the South
Southerners measured wealth by slaves and land
Mid-1800 Social Structure: rich planation owners on top, white farmers and workers in the middle, African Americans and slaves at the bottom
Small group of wealthy plantation owners were political leaders in Southern life leisurely life
Majority of white southerners: didn’t own slaves, worked own fields, made own goods
Free African Americans: discriminated against, segregates, low paying jobs

9. 19.9 Society in the North Most in North not wealthy or powerful
In /10 Northerners lived on farms but towns and cities were growing significantly
Northern cities were dirty, dangerous places to live
African Americans in North were discriminated against so they formed their own schools, churches, etc.
Immigration Push: famine for Irish, failed Rev. for Germans
Immigration Pull: farm land, jobs in factories and mills
Irish immigrants discriminated against because of diff. religion and were poorer

10. Chapter 19 The worlds of the North and South
Geography
4 seasons, rocky soil, jagged coast, deforestation
Mild climate, rich soil, broad flat rivers, swamps and marshes along the coast
Economy
Industrialist, Industrial Revolution,
spread to the US in the early 1800s , shift from making by hand to made by machines. Mass production, interchangeable parts. Diverse mix of industry and farming
Agrarian, cash crops of rice, tobacco, indigo and cotton, plantations, cotton gin made cotton King in the south, and expanded the demand for slave labor
Transportation
Railroads (20,000 miles by 1860), steam boats (up and down stream), Clipper ships (ocean travel in ½ time) canals, toll roads, turnpikes and the National road.
Faster transportation lowered the price of good because they were cheaper to ship)
River boats and some rail roads. Not as important to the agricultural economy. Most plantations had their own docks.

11. Chapter 19 continued North South Society
Top: Industrialist, bankers, merchants; Middle: doctors, lawyers, shop owners, German immigrants; Bottom: factory workers, Irish immigrants, farmers; very bottom: Free African Americans
Top: planters (plantation owners), Middle: farmers, poor whites, Bottom: free African Americans, very bottom: slaves