Study Guide Answers Biology Quarter 2 Exam

How are plant cells and animal cells different? Plant cells have chloroplasts and a cell wall while animal cells do not. Plant cells have a rectangular shape because of their cell wall, while animal cells have a more circular or irregular shape due to the lack of a cell wall. Plants have a central vacuole, and animals may have many small vacuoles.

Describe the pH scale? Indicates the strength of acids and bases, 0-6 acid, 8-14 base, 7 neutral

Where does glycolysis take place in the cell? In the cytoplasm

How many ATPs are produced during glycolysis. Kreb's cycle How many ATPs are produced during glycolysis? Kreb's cycle? Electron Transport Chain? Glycolysis-2 net ATP Krebs cycle- 2 ATP ETC- 32 net ATP

What are the four types of organic compounds? Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

What are the phases of the cell cycle and what occurs during each phase? G1- cell grows, makes proteins, makes RNA, G1check point S- DNA duplicated G2- preparation for division M- cell growth & protein synthesis stops, all of the cell’s energy is focused on dividing into two daughter cells, Metaphase check point

What is the correct sequence for the cell cycle? G1 S G2 M (mitosis and cytokinesis)

What is the function of the cell membrane What is the function of the cell membrane? Why is it considered to be semi-permeable? To separate & protect the cell from its surroundings; regulates what enters and exits the cell; functions as a gate Only allows certain substances to enter and exit the cell

What is a polar covalent bond? A bond in which there is an uneven distribution of electrical charges. Water contains polar covalent bonds.

What is the nucleus? The control center of the cell; directs all cellular activity

What are the three parts of the cell theory? 1. All living things are made of cells. 2. Cells are the smallest working units of living things. 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells via cell division.

What is the function of the lysosome. Ribosomes. Mitochondria What is the function of the lysosome? Ribosomes? Mitochondria? Endoplasmic reticulum? Lysosomes- clean up using hydrolytic enzymes Ribosomes- protein synthesis Mitochondria- energy production ER- modifying, packaging, and secreting proteins

Where in the cell does the Kreb’s cycle and ETC take place? Krebs- mitochondrial matrix ETC- inner mitochondrial membrane

What is the equation for cell respiration?

If a cell is place in a 15% salt solution and the interior of the cell is 7% salt, what will happen to the cell? What type of solution is the cell in? Water will exit the cell; the cell is in a hypertonic solution

What is osmosis? the diffusion of water in and out of the cell

Do yeast cell undergo cell respiration or fermentation Do yeast cell undergo cell respiration or fermentation? What do they produce as a result? Fermentation; they produce: Alcohol, carbon dioxide & NAD+

What is the sequence of events for cell respiration? Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport chain

What type of cell processes go from high to low concentration? Passive transport- Ex> moving carbon dioxide and oxygen in and out of the cell diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, filtration

What cell processes go from low to high concentration? Active transport- Ex> moving ions and macromolecules (endocytosis and exocytosis)

What are the correct steps of the scientific method? State the Problem Research State the hypothesis Conduct a controlled experiment conclusion

What is the control in the experiment? The group not exposed to the independent variable that is used for comparison Control variablesvariables that are kept the same in an experiment

What are the functions of proteins? Lipids? Carbs? Nucleic acids? Carbohydrates- shorter term energy storage, structure Lipids- longer term energy storage, insulation Nucleic Acids—store & transmit genetic information Proteins—storage, transport, hormonal, regulate cell processes, antibody defense, enzymes

What are the monomers of proteins? Carbs? Nucleic acids? Proteins- amino acids Carbs- simple sugars (monosaccharides) like glucose Nucleic acids- nucleotides

What is the independent variable in an experiment? The variable that is being tested in an experiment

What is a hypotonic solution? What does it do to a cell? A solution that contains a lower solute concentration than is in the cell, more water outside of the cell than inside of the cell; water enters the cell and it swells

What is a hypertonic solution? What does it do to a cell? A solution that contains a higher solute concentration than is in the cell, more water inside of the cell than outside of the cell; water exits the cell and it shrinks

What are the function of enzymes? catalysts that speed up a chemical reaction by lowering its activation energy

What is biology? The study of life

What is the difference between an experimental group and a control group? Experimental group is exposed to the independent variable while the control group is not

What is the function of ATP? Where is energy stored in an ATP molecule? Molecule that stores and releases energy for cellular functions; energy is stored in bonds between phosphate groups

What 3-carbon compounds are produced in glycolysis? Pyruvate (pyruvic acid)

What is alcoholic fermentation? Occurs in yeast when oxygen is not present (anaerobic) , takes pyruvate & NADH from glycolysis and produces alcohol. Carbon dioxide, and NAD+

What is the difference between active transport and passive transport? Movement is high to low concentration Movement is low to high concentration Down the concentration gradient Against the concentration gradient No energy used Energy used

What type of active transport allows large solids into a cell? Phagocytosis (Endocytosis)

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

What are the two stages of photosynthesis? Light dependent Light independent (Calvin Cycle)

Where in a plant cell does photosynthesis occur? In the chloroplast Light dependent- in the thylakoid Light independent- in the stroma

What type of fermentation occurs in human? Lactic Acid

What type of fermentation is important in the baking and brewing industry? Alcoholic

What is cohesion? Adhesion? Cohesion- Force of attraction between like particles. Ex>Surface tension. Adhesion- Force of attraction between unlike particles. Ex>Water sticking to the sides of a glass.

What is the function of cyclins in cells? Regulating the timing of the cell cycle They are the “go” proteins that tell the cell to start the cell cycle

What is homeostasis? The body’s ability to regulate its internal physiology to maintain stability in response to fluctuations in the outside environment Your body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment