1. Worksheet: Fall Final Review
BIOLOGY
Worksheet: Fall Final Review

2. Hypothesis-

3. Hypothesis- A possible answer to a scientific question
Hypothesis- A possible answer to a scientific question. An “educated guess”

4. Theory-

5. Theory- A well supported scientific hypothesis may become a theory.
A theory is supported by a wide range of scientific evidence.
I.e.- Theory of Evolution, Atomic Theory, Cell Theory

6. Controlled experiment-

7. Controlled experiment-
Independent variables are manipulated
Dependent variables are observed and measured.
Constants are conditions that are kept the same

8. homeostasis-

9. homeostasis- is the maintenance of constant internal conditions
homeostasis- is the maintenance of constant internal conditions. Organisms must maintain homeostasis to survive in diverse environments.

10. 2. List the characteristics of living things

11. 2. List the characteristics of living things
All are made of one or more cells
All need energy for metabolism
All respond to their environment
All have DNA that they pass on to offspring
Living things evolve

12. 3. What are the levels of organization of living things?

13. 3. What are the levels of organization of living things?
Cells → tissues → organs → organ system → organism

14. Importance to living things
4. Complete the table below describing the 4 types of organic compounds
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Monomer
Polymer
Importance to living things

15. Importance to living things
4. Complete the table below describing the 4 types of organic compounds
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Monomer
Glucose
(monosaccharide)
Amino
Acid
Fatty acid +
Glycerol
Nucleotide
Polymer
Starch
Protein
Oils
Fats
Waxes
DNA
RNA
Importance to living things
Energy
Structural and Functional proteins
Cell membrane
Heredity
(stores genetic code)

16. 5. What type of organic compound is an enzyme?

17. 5. What type of organic compound is an enzyme?
A Protein

18. 6. Why are enzymes important to living things?

19. 6. Why are enzymes important to living things?
They speed up chemical reactions to take place in the human body. They speed up reactions that would normally take to long
I,e,- Control processes like DNA replication, chemical digestion, etc.

20. 7. How does an enzyme speed up a chemical reaction?

21. 7. How does an enzyme speed up a chemical reaction?
A enzyme (catalyst) lowers activation energy

22. 8. What is the difference between a quantitative and qualitative observation?

23. 8. What is the difference between a quantitative and qualitative observation?
Quantitative- involves numbers. How many?
Qualitative- Things like texture, color, etc. Qualitative observations may vary depending on observer

24. 9. Complete the table below by places a check mark for those that apply:
Animal Cells
Plant Cells
Bacteria
Has nucleus
Has cytoplasm
Has mitochondria
Has chloroplasts
Eukaryotic cell
Prokaryotic cell

25. 9. Complete the table below by places a check mark for those that apply:
Animal Cells
Plant Cells
Bacteria
Has nucleus X
Has cytoplasm
Has mitochondria
Has chloroplasts
Eukaryotic cell
Prokaryotic cell

26. 10. What chemical compounds make up the structures labeled 1 and 2 in the diagram to the right?1- 2-

27. 10. What chemical compounds make up the structures labeled 1 and 2 in the diagram to the right?
1- Phospholipids
2- Proteins

28. Endoplasmic recticulum
11. Complete the table below describing cell organelles
Organelle
Function
Nucleus
Ribosome
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic recticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Vacuole

29. Endoplasmic recticulum
11. Complete the table below describing cell organelles
Organelle
Function
Nucleus
Control center of cell. Contains DNA in eukaryotic cells
Ribosome
Makes proteins
Chloroplast
Photosynthesis takes place here
Mitochondria
Cells “powerhouse”. Cellular respiration takes place here
Endoplasmic recticulum
Rough ER- studded with ribosomes- makes proteins and lipids
Smooth ER- no ribosomes on surface. Makes lipids and helps break down drugs and alcohol
Golgi apparatus
Cells “post office”. Packages, sorts and delivers proteins
Lysosome
“suicide sacs”. A membrane organelle containing enzymes. Not found in plant cells
Vacuole
fluid-filled storage sac. Stores water, food molecules, inorganic ions, and enzymes. Plants contain large, central vacuole

30. 12. The cell membrane is referred to as selectively (semi) permeable
12. The cell membrane is referred to as selectively (semi) permeable. What does this mean?

31. 12. The cell membrane is referred to as selectively (semi) permeable
12. The cell membrane is referred to as selectively (semi) permeable. What does this mean?
Allows some things but not others. Helps to maintain the cells homeostasis

32. 13. What is the difference between active transport and passive transport?

33. 13. What is the difference between active transport and passive transport?
Passive transport- allows cell to move materials across cell membrane without using energy
Active Transport- requires energy by cell to move materials in or out of cell.

34. 14. What is diffusion?

35. 14. What is diffusion?
Movement of materials (fluid or gas) from region of high concentration to region of low concentration

36. 15. What is osmosis?

37. 15. What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water molecules

38. 16. How is the molecule ATP important to living things?

39. 16. How is the molecule ATP important to living things?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is molecule that transfers energy from breakdown of food

40. 17. How does ATP release energy?

41. 17. How does ATP release energy?
Energy is released when the phosphate bond is broken.

42. 18.What is the equation for photosynthesis?

43. 18.What is the equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O →C6H12O6 + 6O2

44. 19. How is the equation for photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?

45. 6CO2 + 6H2O →C6H12O6 + 6O2 Cellular Respiration
19. How is the equation for photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?
They are the “opposite” of each other
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O →C6H12O6 + 6O2
Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

46. 20. What provides the energy to drive the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis?

47. 20. What provides the energy to drive the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis?
Light (Sun)

48. 21. What is the correct sequence of events (stages) in cellular respiration? (Hint: there are 3)

49. Glycolysis → Krebs Cycle → Electron Transport
21. What is the correct sequence of events (stages) in cellular respiration? (Hint: there are 3)
Glycolysis → Krebs Cycle → Electron Transport 2 2 32

50. 22. Cellular respiration is considered an aerobic process whereas fermentation is considered anaerobic. What is the difference?

51. 22. Cellular respiration is considered an aerobic process whereas fermentation is considered anaerobic. What is the difference?
Aerobic- requires oxygen
Anaerobic- does not require oxygen

52. 23. What are the two types of Fermentation (anaerobic respiration) and where do each occur?

53. 23. What are the two types of Fermentation (anaerobic respiration) and where do each occur?
Lactic Acid fermentation- occurs in muscle cells
Alcoholic fermentation- similar to lactic acid fermentation. Products of alcoholic fermentation include cheese, bread, yogurt

54. 24. What is glycolysis and what is the starting molecule for glycolysis?

55. 24. What is glycolysis and what is the starting molecule for glycolysis?
Glycolysis is the breaking down of glucose to provide small amounts of energy. The first step in Cellular respiration 2 2 32

56. 25. How many molecules of ATP are produced by glycolysis?

57. 2 2 32 25. How many molecules of ATP are produced by glycolysis?

58. 26. How many molecules of ATP are produced overall in cellular respiration?

59. 26. How many molecules of ATP are produced overall in cellular respiration?32
=36

60. 27. How many molecules of ATP are produced in fermentation?

61. 27. How many molecules of ATP are produced in fermentation?
Zero. The only energy produced is by glycolysis. Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue

62. UNIT 3 (Ecology)
1. Define the following terms:
a. Biosphere- The area on planet earth where life exists.

63. c. Autotroph (producer)-
Organisms that can make their own food (photosynthesis)

64. d. Heterotroph (consumer)-
Organisms that eat something else to get their food (animals)

65. e. trophic level-
The levels in a food chain

66. f. predation-
When one organism feeds upon another

67. g. greenhouse effect-
The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without its atmosphere

68. h. global warming-
A gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants.

69. i. biodiversity-
The variety of living things

70. 2. Diagram a simple food chain and label each trophic level.

71. 3. What are the levels of organization in ecology?
Organism → population → community → ecosystem → biome

72. 5. What group of organisms is responsible for running the nitrogen cycle?
bacteria

73. 6. Explain how carbon is cycled between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.