1. Question 1 All organic compounds contain what element? Carbon
What are the two other elements most commonly found in organic compounds?
Hydrogen and Oxygen
Nitrogen and Phosphate are also commonly found

2. Question 2 Differentiate between covalent and ionic bonds.
Covalent= sharing of electrons
Ionic= Electrons are donated or accepted.

3. 17 Carbohydrate Carbonyl Hydroxyl Monosaccharides
Structure of the Compound
Function of the Compound in the Human Body / Cell
Functional Group(s)
Monomers
-what do we call them?
-what are some examples?
Polymers
Carbohydrate
Carbonyl
Hydroxyl
Monosaccharides
-glucose, fructose, galactose
Polysaccharides
-cellulose, starch, glycogen
Energy
Protein
Carboxyl
Amino
Amino Acid
-glycine
Polypeptide
Enzymes – speed up reactions
Structure of your body
Antibodies
Lipid
Glycerol & Fatty Acids
Triglycerides
Wax
Phospholipid
Steroids
Store Energy
Insulate the body
Protect the body
Nucleic Acid X
   
Nucleotide
DNA & RNA
Store and Express the instructions for life 17

4. Question 4 Compound Monomer or polymer function Cellulose Carbohydrate
Cell wall stability/fiber
Polypeptide
Protein
Once folded it will be a protein
Polysaccharide
Complex sugar-Energy
Glycerol and fatty acid
Lipid
Monomers
Building blocks of fats
Starch
Complex sugar storage in plants
Phospholipid
Cell membrane
Glucose
Sugar
Energy storage for animals
Simple sugars
Carbohydrates
Monomer
Quick energy

5. 5. Differentiate between hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis
5. Differentiate between hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis. Include which one makes bonds and which one breaks bonds, and also which one stores energy and which releases energy.
Hydrolysis adds water to a substance, which allows bonds to be broken. The previously bonded monomers bond with pieces of the H2O instead of each other. Dehydration Synthesis removes water from a substance and allows bonds to then be formed between monomers.

6. 6. Draw water. Label the elements and charges that make up water.O - + H

7. Question 7

8. 8. List definitions for the following terms: cohesion, hydrogen bond, non-polar
Cohesion- The tendency of water to stick to itself and form droplets due to hydrogen bonding Hydrogen Bond- A weak bond formed by a negative and positive charge, the positive charge being a hydrogen atom, attracting each other. Non-Polar- A molecule which is equally charged on both sides and does not hydrogen bond with itself.

9. 9. What is an example of an organic compound that is “non-polar”?
Oils and Fats are non-polar

10. 10. Explain acids and bases using the PH scale.
Acids are on the lower side of the PH scale. If it’s lower than 7 than it’s an acid; if it’s higher than 7, it’s a base. Acid < 7 Neutral=7 Base > 7

11. 11. What is the function of enzymes
11. What is the function of enzymes? List some specific names of enzymes – what do the names have in common?
Enzymes are known as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions.
Amylase
Lactase
Ligase
Helicase
The names have the same –ase ending.

12. 12. Define a catalyst.
A catalyst is described as something that speeds up a reaction.

13. 13. What environmental factors influence enzyme activity?
Temperature PH
Enzyme concentration
Substrate concentration
Inhibitors

14. 14. How do changes in the environmental factors listed above impact the activity of the enzyme?
All of these factors can denature an enzyme, or make it stop working by changing the structure. The enzyme works best at their optimum temperature, PH, etc.

15. Question 15
Element= basic building blocks of all matter- found on the periodic table- pure
Molecule= multiple elements together.
Molecule is larger in comparison to the elements it is made of.

16. Question 16 List the three parts to the cell theory
1. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
All organisms are comprised of one or more cells.
All cells come from pre-existing cells.

17. Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Question 17
Unicellular and Multicellular
Example: Plants/Animals
Complex
Nucleus
Unicellular
Example: Bacteria
Primitive
No Nucleus
Ribosomes
DNA
Cell
Membrane
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

18. Question 18
Nucleus- the cell’s genetic control center; stores DNA, makes ribosomes, and directs the synthesis of proteins through RNA
Plasma Membrane- composed of lipids and proteins that hold together the cell and regulates what enters/leaves
Ribosomes- make proteins
Mitochondrion- where cellular respiration occurs; food->energy

19. Question 18
Chloroplasts- where photosynthesis occurs; sunlight->energy
Lysosomes- enzymes break down food, damaged organelles, and bacteria
Golgi Body- distributes proteins to various parts of the cell; “shipping center”
Vacuoles- stores pigment, poison, food, and water
Cell Wall- protects cell and gives it a rigid shape

20. Question 19 What organelles are found in most prokaryotic cells?
Ribosomes, the plasma membrane, the cell wall, and the cytoplasm are all found in prokaryotic cells.

21. Question 20
What organelles are present in a plant cell that are absent in an animal cell?
The cell wall, chloroplasts, and large central vacuole are not found in animal cells.

22. Levels of Organization
Question 21
Levels of Organization
Simplest
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Most Complex

23. Active Passive Question 22 Low to High High to Low Yes No
Create a table comparing passive and active transport. 1) What direction is the concentration gradient? 2) Is ATP required? 3) What is the goal of this process?
Active
Passive
Low to High
High to Low
Yes No
Moves molecular substances that the cell needs to function against the concentration gradient- Goal: to create a concentration gradient
Moves molecular substances that the cell needs to function with the concentration gradient- Goal: to reach equilibrium

24. Question 23
Define the following terms and classify them as either passive or active
Diffusion: The tendency of molecules to spread out into less concentrated space (Passive)
Osmosis: The diffusion of water over the cell membrane (Passive)
Facilitated Diffusion: Diffusion with the assistance of a protein (Passive)
Endocytosis: The process in which a cell absorbs a molecule into itself (Active)
Exocytosis: The process in which a cell disperses a molecule from within itself (Active)

25. Question 24 Label a cell membrane:
Carbohydrate Chain
Phospholipid Bilayer
Cholesterol
Protein
More Accurate model

26. Question 25 Label a Phospholipid Bilayer:
Hydrophilic
(Exposed to Water)
Hydrophobic
(Away from water)

27. Question 26: How do substances affect cells?

28. Question 27: Define Homeostasis:
Homeostasis is the constant maintenance within an animal that occurs in order to compensate for disrupting changes. In a sense, it is the force that keeps an animal in a stable condition.