1. Essential Question
What are the similarities and differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells, plant vs. animal cells, and unicellular vs. multicellular)?

2. Characteristics and Size https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvBAlkZ-CgU
Cell Structure
Characteristics and Size

3. Section 1 - Cell Features
The Cell Theory - Observed by Schleiden, Schwann & Virchow
All living things are made of one or more cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in organisms
All cells arise from existing cells

4. Common Features of Cells
Cell Membrane: controls which particles enter and leave the cell
Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance that holds all the internal materials in place
Ribosome: a cellular structure that produces proteins
DNA: genetic code that provides instructions for all cellular processes

5. Prokaryotes smallest and simplest cells
lacks a nucleus and mitochondria, vacuole, and chloroplasts
example: bacteria

6. Characteristics of Prokaryotes
Exist within a large range of environments
some need oxygen and other don’t, some make their own food
Cytoplasm split into compartments since there are no internal structures
DNA is circular and located near the center of the cell (where the nucleus would be)

7. Eukaryotes Eukaryote: Nucleus: contains DNA Cilia:
an organism whose cells have a nucleus
Nucleus:
contains DNA
Cilia:
small hair-like structures used for movement

9. *Check In* - HONORS
If you had the describe the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes to some in terms of food, how would you explain it?
Answers Essential Question

10. Essential Question
What is the structure and function of organelles in eukaryotic cells and what are the ways that these organelles interact with each other to perform the function of the cell?

11. Nucleus The “brain” of the cell – controlling all the activities
Stores DNA (genetic information)
Nucleolus – partially assembly of ribosomes location
Nuclear Pores – locations where ribosomes are transferred to the nucleolus

14. Production of Proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum – a system of internal membranes that move proteins and other substances through the cell
Rough ER – location where ribosomes are attached and transports the proteins made
Vesicle – a small sac that pinches of the ER to transport substances like proteins
Smooth ER – no ribosomes – creates lipids and breaks down toxic substances

15. Processing of Proteins
Rough ER ribosomes produce proteins
Vesicles transport proteins from rough ER to Golgi
Golgi processes proteins and packages them into new vesicles
Vesicles leave to move outside of the cell membrane
Vesicles can also remain within the cytoplasm like lysosomes that break down proteins, nucleic acids, lipids & carbs

16. Mitochondria
An organelle that obtains energy from organic compounds to produce ATP
The amount of mitochondrion that reside in the cell depends on requirement amount of energy that cell has
ex. muscle cell – high or low?
Have their own DNA and ribosomes
Most of their protein is made by free ribosomes

19. Unique Structures of Plant Cells
Cell Wall – a wall that is made up of cellulose that protects the cell from damage
Chloroplasts – uses light energy to produce carbohydrates from water and carbon dioxide
Central Vacuole – large membrane- bound sac that stores water, ions, nutrients and wastes
A full vacuole creates a rigid plant (no wiltiness)

20. Homeostasis State of Equilibrium (Homeostasis):
A condition when the concentration of a substance is equal throughout the space (this is not a constant state)

21. Cell Membrane
Protection is like a gated community – only certain objects can pass through
Phospholipid – a phosphate group and two fatty acids
Lipid Bilayer – nonpolar tails make up the interior and polar heads appear on interior and exterior
Head = polar (forms weak bonds with other polar molecules)
Tail = non-polar (repelled b water)
Draw picture in book

23. Diffusion Random Motion and Concentration Passive Transport:
The movement of substances across the membrane that requires NO energy
Concentration gradient:
When space divides differences in concentrations of a substance
These “higher” and “lower” concentrations are split by the cell membrane (so movement is defined as in & out of the cell)

25. Facilitated Diffusion
Carrier proteins are used to transport specific substances – amino acids and sugars
Carrier proteins: attach to substances on one side of a membrane and carry them to the other side

27. Gummy Bear Demo
STANDARD

28. Osmosis Osmosis: diffusion of water through a permeable membrane
Type of passive transport – so what does this mean?
Cause of osmosis:
“free” water molecules move from high to low concentrations

30. Active Transport
Transporting substances against the concentration gradient
Requires the use of energy
Think about going against an ocean current and how much energy you are exerting
Use carrier proteins

31. Sodium-Potassium Pump
A carrier protein that transports three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cell
Sodium high concentration outside the cell and potassium concentrations higher inside the cell.
Is this going with or against the gradient?
The energy used by the cell through this pump depends on how active the pump is