You are what you eat! Biomolecules

What is a “molecule”? An atom is the smallest unit of matter. A “molecule” is formed when more than one type of atom are chemically joined together. Molecules can be simple like H2O. Molecules can be large and complex like DNA.

BIOMOLECULES Biomolecules are large molecules necessary to life (“bio” = living) Many molecules are necessary to life, but there are 4 main types of these very large molecules that are important because they are: present in cells as part of their structure used by cells for energy made by cells to be used by other cells in the body Part of the cells DNA

4 Main Types Carbohydrates (sugars & starch) Proteins (proteins & enzymes) Lipids (fats and oils) Nucleic acids (DNA and ATP)

CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates Simple sugars Complex carbohydrates Monosaccharides Mono = one Disaccharides Di = two Complex carbohydrates Polysaccharides Poly = many Starch (rice, potato)

How does our body break down this bread?

Long polysaccharides are broken down into single molecules of glucose Loaf of bread Bread crumbs Polysaccharide Monosaccharide “glucose” Form used by cells Disaccharide

Structure Polysaccharide Many Sugar

Structure Di saccharide Two Sugar

Structure Monosaccharide One Sugar

Function Carbohydrates provide QUICK energy to the body!

Fats, oils, waxes, steroids LIPIDS Fats, oils, waxes, steroids Long chain molecules

Lipids are fats & oils Two types of fats:

Molecule is composed of repeating units of: LOOK FOR THE “E” Molecule is composed of repeating units of: 3 fatty acids + glycerol

Function of Lipids Made mainly of carbon and hydrogen (only a few oxygen atoms) Fat molecules are best method of STORING energy for later use Lipids are an important part of cell membranes Lipids insulate nerve cells (myelin) Lipids in fat cells, insulates body

Proteins

Proteins are made of many amino acids. What is an amino acid? This is an amino acid molecule. It is also called a “peptide”. Proteins are made of many amino acid molecules joined together. Proteins are “polypeptides” There are 21 different amino acids.

Proteins aka…. Whey Protein Meat Polypeptide Peanut butter

Can be used by cells to make new proteins. When we eat foods that contain protein, the protein is broken down into amino acids. Polypeptide Meat Amino Acid Can be used by cells to make new proteins.

Function of Proteins Proteins are part of our cells Proteins give structure to muscle cells, skin cells, heart cells, liver cells, brain cells, etc. Proteins transport things in cells Proteins help control what happens inside our cells Enzymes are special proteins that make many important chemical reactions happen in our cells. Proteins turn genes on and off Hormones are proteins (ex. Insulin) Antibodies (fights disease) are proteins

Nucleic Acids DNA Stores genetic information in the form of a double stranded VERY large helix shaped molecule. Millions of “base pair”molecules are joined together to form 1 molecule of DNA. Humans have 46 molecules (23 pairs) of DNA in the nucleus of their cells. The order of base pairs is the genetic “code” That makes you –you, And me –me.

Nucleic Acids are made of “base pairs” of nucleotides Nucleic acids are made of NUCLEOTIDES Nucleotides consist of 3 parts: 1. a 5-Carbon Sugar 2. a Phosphate Group 3. a Nitrogenous Base – a molecule that has a few N atoms.

Cytosine Guanine Adenine Thymine Nucleotides are made of a sugar, a phosphate, and 1 out of 4 possible Nitrogen Bases Cytosine Guanine Adenine Thymine

Function DNA contains the genetic code stores & transmit heredity/genetic information Passed on to new cells Passed on to organism’s offspring through sperm and egg cells

ATP: The “energy” molecule This is a picture of ATP. ATP is one type of a nucleic acid molecule. It is made of 1 adenine, 1 sugar, and 3 phosphate groups.

ATP is a simple nucleic acid Contains adenine, ribose sugar, 3 phosphates Stores and releases energy by gaining or losing P groups.

Which biomolecule has the most energy!?

C-H bonds Count the number of C-H bonds Which biomolecule (carbs or fats) have more C-H bonds? carbohydrate protein lipid

The number of C-H bonds = the amount of energy The more C-H bonds a biomolecule has, the more energy it has! Fats have the most energy because they have the most C-H bonds!

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen CHALLENGE! Which popular plant process forms glucose? Photosynthesis Which elements form a glucose molecule? Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen What is the molecular formula for glucose? C6H12O6