MACROMOLECULES

Carbohydrates main energy source Includes: sugars & starches 3 groups: 1. Monosaccharide – These are themonomers(subunits)(building blocks) simple sugars ex. Glucose & fructose 2. Disaccharides – 2 monosaccharides ex. Lactose & sucrose

3. Polysaccharides Examples: Starch – in plants Glycogen – animals Cellulose – in cell walls Chitin - exoskeleton

Ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is usually 1:2:1 Ex. C6H12O6 sugar has a ring shape & end in “ose” Starches can be hundreds of rings long

Benedict’s Solution tests for the presence of sugars by turning from blue to orange / red in the presence of heat Iodine tests for the presence of starch by turn from brown / orange to purple / black

About Benedicts solution A Movie About Benedicts solution

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Lipids Function: Energy storage Categorized into fats, oils & waxes Not water soluble Mostly made of carbon & hydrogen Part of cell membranes

Described as “saturated” or “unsaturated” Includes steroids

Examples of Steroids Testosterone Estrogen Progesterone

Shape: big

Sudan Red-tests for lipids A translucent spot on a brown paper bag indicates the presence of a lipid Sudan Red-tests for lipids

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Nucleic Acid Contains hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon & phosphorus Made of nucleotides (5- carbon sugar, phosphate group & nitrogenous base)

Stores & transmits genetic material 3 types: RNA: Shape = single helix Sugar = ribose

DNA: Shape = double helix Sugar = deoxyribose

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the nucleotide known as the "molecular currency" of intracellular energy transfer; ATP is able to store and transport chemical energy within cells.

Proteins Contain: nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen & oxygen Made of amino acids

controls the rate of reactions Regulates cell processes Forms bones & muscles Transports substances in & out of cells to fight disease Ex. Enzymes

Protein

Enzymes SPI 3210.1.5 Describe how enzymes control chemical reaction in the body

What Are Enzymes? Enzymes are Proteins. Act as Catalysts to accelerate a reaction (make it go faster) Not permanently changed in the process

The shape of an enzyme is specific for what it reacts with (it’s substrate) Are Reusable End in –ase -Sucrase -Lactase

What do Enzymes do?? Break things down Make reactions happen faster Integral to digestive system Without them, you would die

How do enzymes Work? Enzymes work by lowering activation energy

1- substrate attaches to enzyme 2 - Reaction occurs 3 - Enzyme lets go – substrate floats away – enzyme is unchanged Substrate is now called a product

Progress of the reaction Free energy of activation Enzymes Without Enzyme With Enzyme Free Energy Progress of the reaction Reactants Products Free energy of activation

Enzyme-Substrate Complex The Active Site location where an enzyme binds to the substrate. Active Site Enzyme Substrate

http://highered. mcgraw- hill http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/a nimation__how_enzymes_work.html Mr. W’s “Enzyme Song!”

Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity Temperature pH Inhibitors

High temperatures are the most dangerous they denature enzymes (change the shape) Most enzymes like near neutral pH (6 to 8) Inhibitors - slow down enzymes Ex. Preservatives

Test for proteins Biuret solution turns from blue to purple or pink in the presence of proteins.

For figuring out structure pictures Cheat Sheet For figuring out structure pictures

1. Does it have a P? Yes= Nucleic acid No= go to 2 2. Does it have an N? Yes= Protein No= go to 3

3. Is it a ring? Yes = sugar (carbohydrate) Is it rings holding hands? Then it is starch (carbohydrate) Is it big? Than it’s probably a lipid

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