1. Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules
Questions of the Day! Answer in complete sentences!
The grocery store is where we go to get the nutrients we need in order for our chemical reactions to occur. The macromolecules we need in order to survive are proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Which foods would you find each one of these molecules in the grocery store?
What do each of these molecules do for living things? (including nucleic acids)
Where in the body would you find lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins?

2. Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules
Standards and Objectives
Distinguish among proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates.
Identify positive tests for lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins.

3. Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules
Organic Chemistry – Deals with Carbon in living things
Carbon has 6 electrons, 6 protons, and 6 neutrons.
Carbon makes 4 bonds
Carbon only bonds on it's outermost shell.

4. Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules
QUESTION!
You are given a set of legos and asked to make a large chain of blocks. How do you make the large chain?

5. Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules
ANSWER!
You stack them to make the mahoosive structure!

6. Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules
When several carbons are covalently bonded together (stacked or in a chain), larger molecules are made. (Macromolecules)

7. Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules
Very large compounds
Make POLYMERS (many repeating units)
4 organic (carbon based) compounds

8. Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules
CARBOHYDRATES
Made of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen (CHO)
1 C : 2 H : 1 O ratio
SUGARS
Can mix with water (Polar)
Mono saccharides = 1 sugar molecule
Di saccharides = 2 sugar molecules
Poly saccharides = Many sugar molecules

9. Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules
Purposes of Carbohydrates...
Cellulose is the “fiber” in plants that we can not digest...the crunch in celery...
People can, however, digest starch. (potatoes, crackers made from flour)
Chitin is the crunchy sound when you squish a bug. (it's hard outer shell)
Animals store energy in the form of glycogen.
Plant or Animal
Molecule for Energy Storage
Molecule for Structure
Plant
Starch
Cellulose
Animal
Glycogen
Chitin

10. Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules
Lipids – Fats, Oils, Steroids, Waxes
Do not mix with water (non polar)
Made up of long carbon chains
Used for energy storage
Makes up cell membrane
Chemical signals between cells

11. Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules
Fats – solid at room temperature (Saturated fat – all C's have H's in single covalent bonds)
Oils – liquid at room temperature (Unsaturated fat – C's have double bonds)
Fats can stack like lego bricks in the blood because their shape is flat. Oils stay in liquid form because they can not stack.

12. Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules

13. Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules
Phospholipids
Phospho – phosphate (polar part hydrophillic head)
Lipids – fats (nonpolar hydrophobic tail)
Make cell membranes (lipid bilayer)
Form micelles (rings in water)

14. Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules
Proteins
Are signalers, enzymes, and make up muscles
Made of long chains of amino acids
The amino acids are held together by peptide bonds (covalent bond)
There are 20 amino acids

15. Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules
Proteins
There are 4 structures of proteins
Primary: Amino Acid sequence
Secondary: Sequence folds
Tertiary: multiple folds
Quaternary: More than one protein

16. Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules
Nucleic Acids
Store and transfer genetic information
Made up of many units (polymers) of nucleotides (monomers)
DNA and RNA are the molecules that store genetic information

17. Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
Cells' energy molecule
Break off a phosphate and get energy in the form of HEAT!

18. Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules
Indicator
Color
Monosaccharides (glucose)
Benedict's reagent
Red/Orange
Polysaccharides
(Starch)
Lugol's Iodine
Black or Dark Blue
Lipids
Paper
Translucent (nearly clear)
Sudan IV
Red
Proteins
Biuret's reagent
Purple/violet
Nucleic Acids do not have a test

19. Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules

20. Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules
Water H2O
Every reaction in a living system happens in a pool of water
Molecules in living systems are often held together by hydrogen bonds
Oxygen holds onto the electrons from Hydrogen in the bond that makes Oxygen a bit more negative
Hydrogen from other molecules are attracted to oxygen and form these bonds
DNA, enzymes, proteins <= ALL of these structures rely on hydrogen bonds for their shape!

21. Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules

22. Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules
Snowflake formation is due to hydrogen bonding.
The molecules form these shapes due to the position of the
molecules as the start to freeze when they enter the atmosphere

23. Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules
CONCLUSION!
There are 4 types of biological macromolecules!
Carbohydrates – rings that are used for energy and structure. (Monosaccharides link together)
Lipids – long chains of hydrocarbons used for long term energy storage and makes up the plasma membrane
Nucleic acids – DNA and RNA molecules for genetic coding
Proteins – Used for signalers, enzymes, make up you tissues, organs, and entire living system. (Amino acids link together)

24. Ch. 6 Biochemistry Biological Macromolecules
Indicators are used to determine the presence of proteins, complex sugars, simple sugars, and fats.
Benedict’s – simple sugars (Glucose) (turns red/orange)
Iodine – Complex sugars (starch) (turns black/purple)
Sudan Reagent – Lipids (turns red)
Paper – Lipids (Turns translucent)
Biuret’s – Protein (turns purple)
Water is essential in all living systems for reactions
Hydrogen bonding holds most molecules together
Hydrogen bonding happens when H interacts with O or N