Section 4 – pg 402 The Civil War and American Life Chapter 11 Section 4 – pg 402 The Civil War and American Life

Pg 402 Divisions Over the War The Civil War also caused divisions within the North and South Not all northerners supported a war to end slavery or restore the Union Not all southerners supported a war to defend slavery or secession

Division in the South Pg 402 Opposition to war was strongest in Georgia and North Carolina Nearly 100 peace protests took place in North Carolina Regions w/ large slaveholding plantations supported the war more strongly than poor backcountry regions Division also came from strong support of states’ rights Many governors did not want people from other states leading their troops

Division in the North Pg 403 Northerners were divided over the war Many opposed Emancipation Proclamation Some believed that the South had a right to secede Some Democrats blamed Lincoln and the Republicans for forcing the South into a war Copperheads: Northern Democrats who opposed the war Strongest in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois

Dealing With Disruptions Pg 403 Dealing With Disruptions Some people on both sides tried to disrupt the war effort Often encouraged soldiers to desert In the North, some helped prisoners of war to escape In the South, people tried to prevent men from signing up for the military To deal with this, both Lincoln and Jefferson suspended the right of habeas corpus in some places during the war Habeas corpus: a constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment In the North, more than 13,000 ppl were arrested and jailed w/o trials

Pg 404 The Draft Laws Desertion was a problem for both sides 300,000 – 550,000 Union and Confederate soldiers left and went home About half returned after crops were planted or harvested Both sides issued a draft (a system of required military service) In April 1862, the Confederacy passed a law requiring white men between ages 18 and 35 to serve for 3 years Later expanded to ages 17 to 50 North adopted draft in 1863, for men ages 20 to 45

There were ways of getting out of the draft Pg 404 There were ways of getting out of the draft In the South, a man who had 20 or more slaves was exempt Both sides allowed draftees to hire people to serve in their place Northerners did not have to serve if they paid the gov’t $300 (which was abt a years pay) Many people complained that the draft made the war “a poor man’s fight”

Anger over the drafts led to violent riots in the North in July 1863 In NY mobs of factory workers and laborers rioted for several days, destroying property and attacking African Americans and wealthy white men Pg 404

The War and Economic Strains Pg 405 The War and Economic Strains Northern industries boomed producing goods for the war Plenty of jobs were available b/c of this but draft created a worker shortage To pay for the cost of war, Congress levied the first income tax in August 1861 Income tax: a tax on the money people receive Union also printed $400 million paper money to help pay expenses This was the first federal paper money Extra money caused inflation (general rise in prices) The prices of goods increased an average of 80% during the war

The South had harder trouble financially sustaining the war Pg 405 The South had harder trouble financially sustaining the war Union blockade prevented the South from raising money by selling cotton overseas Shortages made good more expensive Greater inflation than in the North Southern food production fell as invading Union armies destroyed farmland and crops Shortages of food led to riots in some southern cities In Richmond, more than 1,000 women looted shops for food, cloth, and shoes in 1863

Women in the Civil War Pg 405 Women on both sides contributed to the war in many ways At least 400 women disguised themselves as men and joined the army Others became spies behind enemy lines Many took over businesses, farms, plantations while the males served in the army Southern women even worked the fields

Pg 406 Women on both sides worked in factories Did dangerous jobs like making ammunition Others took gov’t jobs Confederate gov’t employed women to sign and number Confederate currency War created job opportunities for women Became teachers, nurses, even physicians Elizabeth Blackwell, America’s first female physician, trained nurses for Union army Social reformer Dorothea Dix became head of Union army nurses Harriet Tubman served as a nurse when not leading enslaved ppl to freedom