ENERGY AND ORGANISMS Organism Groups 1) Autotrophs - organisms that can make food molecules 2) Heterotrophs - organisms that consume food molecules

Chemical Energy 1) Storing Energy - ATP- Adenosine Tri-phosphate - formed by adding a “P” to ADP - ADP- adenosine di-phosphate 2) Releasing Energy - breaking off a “P” from ATP releases energy - this leaves ADP, which can form back into ATP again

ATP & ADP Energy Conversion

Photosynthesis Reactants Products Sunlight Glucose(sugar) Carbon Dioxide Oxygen Water - uses chlorophyll (pigment) to absorb sunlight - plants appear green because chlorophyll reflects green light - takes place in the chloroplast Equation 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light C6H12O6 + 6O2

Chloroplast Consists of: 1) Thylakoid - location for light reactions 2) Stroma - location for light independent reactions - a.k.a – Calvin Cycle

Light Reactions (thylakoids) Reactants Products Sunlight Oxygen (waste) Water ATP NADPH * electrons from the breaking of water provide power to create energy molecules.

Light Independent Reactions(stroma) Reactants Products Carbon Dioxide Sugars (glucose) NADPH ATP *Energy molecules combine “C” from CO2 to create molecules of sugar

Factors that affect Photosynthesis 1) Amount of sunlight 2) Amount of Water 3) Amount of CO2 4) Temperature

Aerobic Respiration - breaking down of food molecules to release energy 3 Steps 1) Glycolysis What?- glucose split into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid Where?- outside mitochondria, in cytoplasm Energy?- 2 ATP’s

2) Krebs Cycle What?- pyruvic acid converted to CO2 & electrons Where?- inside the mitochondria Energy?- 2 ATP’s

3) Electron Transport Chain What?- Electron molecules used to convert ADP into ATP Where?- inside the mitochondria Energy?- 32 ATP’s

1 molecule of glucose = 36 ATP’s SUMMARY 1 molecule of glucose = 36 ATP’s

What if O2 is not present? Fermentation - release of energy without oxygen 2 Types 1) Alcoholic Fermentation What?- pyruvic acid converts to alcohol & CO2 Who?- yeast, bacteria Uses?- bread, alcoholic beverages

2) Lactic Acid Fermentation What?- pyruvic acid converts to lactic acid & ATP Who?- animals Produces?- short term energy - causes muscle soreness, fatigue