1. Cell Energy: ATP, Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Chapters 8 & 9

2. I. Energy for the Cell A. ATP= Adenosine Triphosphate 3 major parts to ATP: 1. Adenine 2. Ribose (sugar) 3. Three phosphates Adenosine

3. adenine ribose three phosphates

4. Adenosine Triphosphate

5. B. How is energy released from ATP? 1. Break a bond between 2 nd & 3 rd phosphates This releases ENERGY to be used by cells!

6. 3 rd phosphate is broken off

7. ATP breaking down to ADP and releasing ENERGY!

8. 2. ADP= Adenosine Diphosphate Only 2 phosphates ADP is recycled to make ATP [add a phosphate] If ADP/ATP is not reused, we would eat 24/7 just to have enough energy!

9. ADP being recycled to create ATP once again.

10. II.PHOTOSYNTHESIS A. Photosynthesis = process trapping light energy to make GLUCOSE [chemical (food) energy]

11. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + sunlight 6 carbon dioxide 6 water C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O26O2 1 glucose 6 oxygen

12. B. Where does it take place? PLANTS only; in the LEAVES In plant cell, inside CHLOROPLASTS

13. Chlorophyll = pigment that captures light energy from sun found in THYLAKOID DISCS in chloroplasts

14. http://www.nicerweb.com/doc/class/bio100/Locked/media/ch06/DB06100.jpg

16. III. Structure of Chloroplasts A. See output

17. Thylakoid: Green disk in the chloroplast Granum stack: Stack of green thylakoids Stroma: Space inside the chloroplast

19. IV. Photosynthesis has 2 phases: 1. Light Dependent Reactions 2. Light Independent Reactions

20. 1.Light DEPENDENT rxns (Occurs in thylakoids) A. Makes ATP & NADPH and O 2

21. B. Three Processes: a. Electron transport chain (ETC) 1) light hits chlorophyll & energizes e - 2) e - move down a chain to make NADPH (a form of energy)

22. b. Photolysis = splits water to make oxygen (O 2 ), hydrogen ions 2H 2 O  4H + + 4e - + 0 2

23. c. Chemiosmosis moves H+ (made in photolysis) to stroma to make ATP

24. http://www.mun.ca/biology/singleton/Topic%2012/lPlantNutrition&Metabolism.htm

25. 2. Light INDEPENDENT Reactions (CALVIN CYCLE) A. makes glucose from CO 2 using NADPH & ATP made in light dep. rxns

26. a. Occurs in light or dark c. Glucose has 6 carbons & CO 2 has only 1 carbon b. Occurs in stroma cycle must go around 6 times to make 1 glucose B. Process

27. Light O2O2 Sugars CO 2 NADPH ATP ADP + P NADP + Chloroplast Light Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle

29. CELLULAR RESPIRATION = process that breaks down glucose to make ATP occurs PLANT & ANIMAL cells

30. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O26O2 1 glucose6 oxygen 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP 6 carbon dioxide 6 water

31. Glucose Glycolysis Oxygen present No oxygen present Aerobic Respiration Fermentation

32. Glycolysis – breaking down glucose into pyruvic acid occurs in cytoplasm ANAEROBIC = does not require oxygen (can still occur if O 2 present)

33. Makes : 4 ATP Uses:2 ATP NET TOTAL:2 ATP

34. 2 major stages (after glycolysis) A. Aerobic Respiration = breaks down glucose to make ATP when O 2 is available occurs in MITOCHONDRIA

35. occurs in MATRIX [space within mitochondria] AEROBIC = requires oxygen makes 2 ATP 1) Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb’s Cycle) – uses pyruvic acid (from glycolysis) to make ATP & CO 2

36. 2) Electron Transport Chain (ETC) – Makes H 2 O & ATP from O 2 and H + Occurs in CRISTAE (inner membrane) AEROBIC makes 34 ATP

37. ENERGY MADE FROM AEROBIC RESPIRATION: Glycolysis = 2 ATP Citric Acid Cycle= 2 ATP (Kreb’s Cycle) ETC = 34 ATP From 1 glucose 38 ATP!

38. Glucose Glycolysis Cytoplasm Pyruvic acid Electrons carried in NADH Krebs Cycle Electrons carried in NADH and FADH 2 Electron Transport Chain Mitochondrion

39. B. FERMENTATION (Anaerobic Respiration) = breaks down glucose to make ATP when no O 2 is available begins after glycolysis

40. 2 major types: 1) Lactic acid fermentation – glucose breaks down to make lactic acid & CO 2 makes 2 ATP (including glycolysis)

41. occurs in bacteria occurs in human muscle cells [under heavy exercise, not enough O 2 – lactic acid builds up in muscles & makes you sore] [yogurt, cheese, etc.]

42. 2) Ethyl alcohol fermentation – glucose breaks down to make ethyl alcohol & CO 2 makes 2 ATP (including glycolysis) occurs in yeast [bread rises because CO 2 bubbles formed in dough]