Society, Culture, and Reform 1820-1860 Society, Culture, and Reform Comp Meeting Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Camp_meeting.jpg

Essential Question Evaluate the extent to which reform movements in the United States from 1820-1860 contributed to maintaining continuity as well as fostering change in American society.

Religion: The 2nd Great Awakening Causes: Reaction to: Rationalism/Enlightenment ideals Materialism of Market Revolution Rejection of Puritan foundations Western expansion Perceived “godlessness” Characteristics: Camp meetings/revivals Grass-roots organization Individual salvation Democratic, egalitarian Image: http://www.calledtocommunion.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/CampMeeting.jpg

Revivalism Expands The “Burned Over District” New York Charles G. Finney Expansion of Denominations Baptists and Methodists Offshoots: Millennialism/Millerites 7th Day Adventists The Mormons Joseph Smith, Bringham Young NY  OH  MO  Nauvoo  SLC Chart: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Growth_of_Denominations_in_America_1780_to_1860.jpg Millerite Cartoon: http://histsociety.blogspot.com/2010/12/religious-history-and-printscartoons.html Images: Erie Canal Routes (Left) Camp Revivals and Abolitionist Meetings (Right) http://www.geographictravels.com/2012/02/erie-canal-american-exceptionalism-and.html

American Culture Transcendentalism Utopian Experiments Characteristics: Challenged materialism Mystical and intuitive self-discovery Examples: Emerson Reject European traditions; Spiritual over material; abolitionist Thoreau “On Civil Disobedience,” and Walden Margaret Fuller Utopian Experiments Brook Farm The Shakers New Harmony Oneida Fourier Phalanxes Arts and Literature Painting Hudson River School Cole and Church Architecture Greek revival Literature Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne, Melville Performance Minstrel shows Civil Disobedience Link: http://thoreau.eserver.org/civil1.html Shakers: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Shakers_Dancing.jpg/441px-Shakers_Dancing.jpg Cole painting: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Thomas_Cole,_The_Oxbow.jpg

Reforming Society Temperance Penal Reform Educational Reform Causes: Overconsumption/alcoholism (5 gal/person) Domestic violence Absenteeism/loss of jobs Nativism Organizations and Methods American Temperance Society Neal Dow and the Maine Law Penal Reform Punishment vs. Rehabilitation Mental Hospitals Dorthea Dix Auburn vs. Pennsylvania System Educational Reform Public Schools & Teacher Training Horace Mann Moral Education McGuffey Readers Higher Education Denominational colleges in the west. College education for women: Mount Holyoke & Oberlin Drunkard’s Progress: http://img.4plebs.org/boards/pol/image/1390/17/1390179602222.jpg Pennsylvania Prison: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Eastern_State_Penitentiary_aerial_crop.jpg McGuffey Reader Link: https://archive.org/details/mcguffeyseclecti00mcgu

Changing Role of Women and Families Gender Roles: Cult of Domesticity Strengthened by men’s absence Women in the Workplace Effects on marriage and children Conformity/Dress Amelia Bloomer Movement for Women’s Rights Grimké Sisters, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Connection to abolitionist movement Rejection at World Anti-Slavery Society, 1839 Seneca Falls Convention (1848) Declaration of Sentiments Image1: http://www.historywiz.com/galleries/slavesfriend.htm Image2: http://www.ushistoryscene.com/uncategorized/temperanceasmaternalstruggle/ Declaration of Sentiments Link: http://ecssba.rutgers.edu/docs/seneca.html

Antislavery Movement American Colonization Society (1817) American Antislavery Society (1831) William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator Liberty Party (1840) Abolitionists Immediatists vs. Gradualists Arthur & Lewis Tappan Black Abolitionists Frederick Douglass The North Star Walker, Tubman, Truth Rebellions Denmark Vesey (1822) Nat Turner (1831) Underground Railroad Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/BLAKE10.JPG

Reaction and Legacy Sectionalism: Legacy: Southerners viewed northern reforms as alarming Threats to: Slavery Way of life In the North, advances in transportation allowed for widespread influence of both religious and secular movements Western expansion created both social and economic conflict Legacy: Birth of “American” culture and ideals Religion, education, arts, and entertainment Widespread reform movements both united and divided the country. Image: http://thejesusvirus.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Results-of-the-2nd-Great-Awakeing.jpg