Honors Biology Unit 1 – Chapter 6 Ms. Ereddia Macromolecules Honors Biology Unit 1 – Chapter 6 Ms. Ereddia
What are macromolecules made of? All of these molecules are made up of smaller molecules called monomers Monomers bond together to form larger molecules called Polymers
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Chapter 03 CARBOHYDRATES Organic Chemistry
What do carbs do? They give you energy! They aid in digestion! They are structure for cells!
What are carbs made of? A single sugar molecule (the monomer) = monosaccharide Two sugars bonded together are called a disaccharide Monosaccharides bond together to build Polysaccharides
Glucose Is the star of the carbohydrates! It is the most common source of energy for all living things!
polysaccharides Starch – found in plants – used for energy storage Glycogen – found in animals – used for energy storage Cellulose – found in plants – used for structure and support Chitin – found in the exoskeletons of insects
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Chapter 03 LIPIDS Organic Chemistry
What does a lipid do? They are used for long term energy storage. They make cell membranes in the form of phospholipids. They cushion the organs. They insulate the body. (keep it warm) ex: blubber
What are lipids made of? Glycerol Fatty Acids 2 monomers: Glycerol Fatty Acids These together make a TRIGLYCERIDE
Examples of fats Fats Oils Cholesterol Steroids
You’ve heard of saturated vs unsaturated fats. What does it mean? Saturated fats are saturated with hydrogen atoms. They are mostly solid at room temperature Unsaturated fats are missing hydrogen atoms, and therefore causes bending in the molecules. They are mostly liquid at room temperature.
Phospholipids – found in cell membranes Phospholipid phosphate heads are hydrophillic and dissolve in water. (Hydrophilic means water-loving) Phospholipid fatty acid tails are hydrophobic and are repelled by water. (Hydrophobic means water-fearing)
Phospholipids are found in cell membranes These properties allow the phospholipids to create a phospholipid bi-layer. This is how cell membranes are formed.
Proteins
What are proteins? Hormones - molecules that help different parts of the body communicate movement Antibodies - important in the immune system. Enzymes - speed up chemical reactions in the body.
What are proteins made of? Monomer = Amino Acid Amino acid + amino acid + amino acid… = polymer = polypeptide
Protein function A protein’s function is determined by its shape. If the protein loses its shape, it won’t work properly. When a protein unfolds we say it has denatured.
Nucleic acids
What are they? Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
What about DNA and rna? DNA stores genetic information. (genes) RNA helps cells build proteins.
What are DNA and RNA made of? The monomers of nucleic acids are called nucleotides.