What blood types are there? What is blood? Functions of blood? What is it made of? What blood types are there?

What is BLOOD? Liquid Connective Tissue Made up of 2 parts 45% Formed Elements [RBC, WBC, Platelets] 55% Plasma [ Intercellular fluid] How much blood do we have in our body? 5 L which varies by age, sex, water balance

Functions of Blood Transport- nutrients, electrolytes, water gases [O2, CO2], waste, hormones Protection- defense against foreign agents [WBCs- remove pathogens, platelets- clot ] Regulation- chemical buffers [pH 7.4, acid/base balance], temp-conduct heat from core to exterior via lungs/skin }}

What is Blood made of? Plasma- [55%] 3.5 L of adult body wt 92% water 8% protein, nutrients, electrolytes, gases, hormones, enzymes, vitamins, waste Formed Elements- [45%] cells WBCs, RBCs, platelets

Hematocrit- packed cell volume of solids [RBCs] in a given amount of blood RBCs increase with dehydration Expressed as a % Males= ave. 47% Females= ave. 42& Children= 38-49%

Hematopoesis-Blood Cell Formation 30 Trillion cells which is a constant # Location- Stem Cells in Bone Marrow 4 TYPES: RBCs Platelets WBC [mono/granulocytes] WBC [lymphocytes- T & B]

Erythropoesis- RBC formation Leukopoesis- WBC formation What is platelet formation called? THROMBOPOESIS

RBC aka Erythrocytes Make up 95% of formed elements Biconcave discs Transport respiratory gases (O 2 and CO 2) No mitochondria, no nucleus b/f birth – formed in the liver, spleen, yolk sac after birth – formed in the bone marrow B vitamins, Iron (Fe) needed in diet to make Hemoglobin Hemoglobin – iron-based protein compound Live for 120 days

Erythropoesis- RBC formation Erythropoetin- [EPO] hormone released from the liver and kidney to stimulate red bone marrow to create RBCs. High Altitudes? What happens? Air thins= decrease O2

Pathologies Anemia- decrease in the # RBCs or ability to carry O2

Sickle Cell Anemia- Shape of RBC is sickle-shaped Genetic Mediteranian and Af. American Decrease amt O2 carried Joint pain/swelling B vitamin needed for Fe production

WBCs aka Leukocytes Effective in fighting disease Agranulocytes Specific to certain infections

Platelets aka Thrombocytes Fragments of megakaryocytes No nucleus Play a role in hemostasis (stopping blood loss)

Hemostasis-Prevent Blood Loss Step 1 – Smooth muscle spasm of blood vessel wall Step 2 – Platelet plug formation Step 3 – Coagulation

Coagulation Tissue damage causes the release of – Thromboplastin (from vessel wall and platelets) converts, with the help of calcium) Prothrombin Thrombin (an enzyme, helps) (a protein in to convert) the plasma) Fibrinogen Fibrin (a protein in (Long strands the plasma) of protein)

Clotting Conditions Hemophilia- inability to clot, missing a clotting factor # 8 Thrombus-unwanted clots Embolus- thrombus that breaks away Lead to stroke or heart attack

Blood Types [A, B, AB, O] Antigen: Protein found on SURFACE of RBC Two types: Antigen A and Antigen B Antigen present gives blood type Antibody: Protein found IN PLASMA Two types : Anti A and Anti B

Agglutination- process during transfusion when the antibody [plasma] of the donor and the antigen [RBC] of recipient are NOT compatable. RBCs clump

Blood Compatability

AB + = Universal Recipient O- = Universal Donor

Rh System Based on the Rhesus Monkey Antigen on RBC surface [D Antigen] D is present = Rh + D absent = Rh – Rh+ CAN ONLY GIVE to Rh+ Rh- CAN GIVE TO BOTH + and - ** Antibodies in plasma are NOT automatically present…..so exposure of Rh+ person to a Rh-blood will produce Anti-Rh [D] antibodies. Sensitization: Rh- builds up antibodies [anti-Rh] against Rh+.

Erythroblastosis Fetalis- damage to organs[brain] in fetus; goes after RBCs First child born Rh+ = okay Mom builds up antibodies against Rh+ --blood crosses the placenta to mom RhOGam is given to mom after 1st Rh+ child to prevent Rh+ antibody build up Second child born Rh+ = okay if mom given RhOGam --not okay if no RhOGam, antibodies cross placenta and attack RBCs of fetus