1. Ch. 10: Blood

2. Functions of Blood
Transportation- O2 and CO2, nutrients, waste, hormones
Regulation- pH (buffers), heat, osmotic pressure
Protection- clotting, immune system

3. Connective tissue: has no fibers
The only fluid tissue in the body
Composed of formed elements suspended in a nonliving fluid called plasma

4. Blood Characteristics
Can be separated into layers with centrifuge
Heavier, thicker, more viscous than H2O (5x)
Temperature of F
pH of 7.4
8% body weight
5-6 liters (1.5 gallons) in males
4-5 liters (1.2 gallons) in females

5. Plasma: Liquid matrix (ECF) (55% of total blood volume) Over 90% water
Over 100 substances dissolved - Figure 10.1
Proteins (most abundant)
Nutrients
Lipids
Electrolytes
Respiratory gases
Wastes
Homeostatic mechanisms keep fairly constant

7. Erythrocytes RBCs (45% blood volume) carry O2 No nucleus or organelles
No mitosis/ metabolism
Outnumber white blood cells 1,000 to 1
5 million RBC/mm3
Hemoglobin (4 protein complex)- 33% volume
Responsible for color of blood
1 RBC contains~250 million hemoglobin molecules

8. Erythrocytes RBCs (45% blood volume)
Antigens on membrane determine ABO blood type and Rh factor
Worn down RBCs destroyed in spleen and liver (macrophages)- 120 day life span
Too few RBCs or hemoglobin= anemia
Not enough O2 intake= hypoxia

9. Leukocytes (WBCs): 1% of blood volume Have nucleus
Defend against bacteria, viruses, parasites, tumor cells
Separated into granulocytes (3 types) and agranulocytes (2 types)
(Table 10.2)

10. Granulocytes
Neutrophils (40-70%of WBCs)- phagocytic
(small granules)

11. Eosinophils (1-4%)- kill parasites/ controls inflammation/ release histaminases (fight allergic reaction)

12. Basophils (<1%)- release heparin, histamine, serotonin

13. Agranulocytes
Monocytes (4-8%)- phagocytic (large)

14. Lymphocytes (20-45%)- provide immunity
B and T cells produce antibodies

15. Thrombocytes (platelets) Fragments of megakaryocytes
Repair slightly damaged vessels
Promote clotting
link

16. Occurs in red bone marrow
100 billion cells produced daily
All arise from hemocytoblast (stem cell)

17. Normal Bone Marrow nucleated erythroid precursors eosinophil
A normal marrow is said to show trilineage hematopoiesis (TLH) meaning that elements of all three major cell lines are represented. These cell lines include myelomonocytic cells, erythroid cells, and megakaryocytic cells. However, other cells types are also present including lymphocytes, plasma cells, connective tissue cells and stromal cells. Two histiocytes are present (arrowheads) engulfing cellular debris. The nucleated erythroid precursors are also dispersed (two long arrows) throughout the marrow. Two normal megakaryocytes are apparent in this field (two big arrows). A binucleated eosinophil is identified with an arrow with tail.
normal megakaryocyte

18. Formation of Red Blood Cells
Process takes 3-5 days
Rate of production controlled by erythropoietin (hormone)
Stimulated by hormones
Released by chemical signals (inflammation, bacteria)
Formation of white blood cells and Platelets

19. Hemostasis: Stoppage of bleeding
Three phases
Vascular spasms
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation

20. Vascular spasms—smooth muscle contracts
Vasoconstriction decreases blood loss

21. Platelet plug formation– exposed collagen fibers cause platelets to adhere to damaged area
Platelets cause nearby platelets to become sticky and form plug

22. Process normally takes 3-6 minutes
Coagulation—at the same time
Formation of mesh of fibrin strands trap RBCs to make clot
Process normally takes 3-6 minutes

23. Human blood groups
Due to proteins (antigens) on plasma membranes of RBCs
Antigens of one type are recognized as foreign by antibodies of another
Antibodies bind to foreign RBCs and cause agglutination (clumping) and rupture (hemolysis)
ABO and Rh blood groups are most important

24. link

25. Blood Transfusion link
Blood Group
Prevalence
Blood Rec. O
****
Only O A
***
O or A B **
O or B AB *
All
If the wrong blood type is used the person’s own immune system immediately attacks the donor’s blood and causes clots and RBC destruction that can lead to total kidney failure and death.
link

26. No Agglutination Reaction
A person with blood type A can receive blood from a donor with blood type A.
The anti-B antibodies in the recipient do not combine with the type A antigens on the red blood cells of the donor.

27. Agglutination Reaction
A person with blood type B cannot receive blood from a donor with blood type A.
The anti-A antibodies in the recipient will combine with the type B antigens on the red blood cells of the donor.

28. Rh BLOOD TYPE Rh+: have Rh antigen and no antibodies
Rh-: have no antigens and no antibodies
Rh-negative people will develop antibodies to the Rh antigen if they are exposed to the Rh-positive blood
If a Rh-negative woman becomes pregnant with a Rh-positive fetus she may make antibodies to the fetus’ RBCs
This can be prevented with RhoGAM

29. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)
HDN is the most common problem with Rh incompatibility.

30. Agglutination Reactions