1. Blood Type of connective tissue
The only fluid tissue in the human body
38 degrees celsius or degrees farenheit
Slightly alkaline, pH
About 5x’s thicker than water
5.3 Q average adult
More blood in males than females
Account for approximately 8% of body weight

2. Functions: Transport, Regulation and Protection
The transport functions include:
carrying oxygen and nutrients to the cells.
transporting carbon dioxide to the lungs (for removal)
transporting nitrogenous wastes to the kidneys (for removal)
carrying hormones from the endocrine glands to the target tissues.
The regulation functions include:
removing heat from active areas, such as skeletal muscles, and transporting it to other regions or to the skin where it can be dissipated (maintaining body temp)
pH regulation through the action of buffers in the blood.
The protection functions include:
preventing fluid loss by forming clots
protect the body against microorganisms that cause disease

3. 2 Parts of Blood Cells (formed elements) living component
45% of total blood
formed in red bone marrow of long bones
Plasma (matrix)
non-living component
55% of total blood
mainly water (90%)
over 100 dissolved substances
ex. nutrients, salts (electrolytes), gases, hormones, proteins, carbs, amino acids, vitamins, carbon dioxide, urea, ammonia

4. Separating Blood Components
A Centrifuge can be used to separate blood components

5. Separating Blood Components
Blood samples are spun at high speeds in the centrifuge
This force causes layers to form.

6. Separating Blood Components
Layers are based on density
Plasma rises to the top
Thin white middle layer: Buffy coat: contains white blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets)
Red Blood Cells: Erythrocytes: sink to the bottom (known as the hematocrit)
Red Blood Cells

7. Blood Plasma Plasma proteins Most abundant solutes in plasma
Most are made by the liver
Ex.
Albumin—regulates osmotic pressure
Clotting proteins—help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured
Antibodies—help protect the body from pathogens

8. Formed Elements (Blood Cells)
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells (RBCs)
Leukocytes
White blood cells (WBCs)
Platelets
Cell fragments and not
whole cells, used in blood
clotting

9. HEMATOCRIT
Hematocrit is a percentage of red blood cells, by volume, found in whole blood. Normal : Males: %
Females: %.
Low hematocrit might be due to anemia, blood loss, bone marrow failure, destruction of red blood cells, leukemia, dietary deficiencies, or other causes.

10. 1. Erythrocytes Commonly known as red blood cells or RBCs
Main function is to carry oxygen
Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes
Biconcave disks
Essentially bags of hemoglobin
Anucleate (no nucleus)
Contain very few organelles
*4-6 million RBCs per cubic millimeter of blood

11. Formation of Erythrocytes
Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins
Wear out in 100 to 120 days
RBCs are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver
Lost cells are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts (blood stem cells) in the red bone marrow

12. Hemoglobin Iron-containing protein
Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen
Each hemoglobin molecule has four oxygen binding sites
Each erythrocyte has 250 million hemoglobin molecules
*Normal blood contains 12–18 g of hemoglobin per 100 mL blood

14. Carbon monoxide poisoning
When carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin, less oxygen gets transported to body tissues.
The bond between carbon monoxide and hemoglobin is approximately 250 times stronger than the bond between oxygen and hemoglobin.
You essentially suffocate to death.

15. 2. Leukocytes commonly known as white blood cells or WBCs
Crucial in the body’s defense against disease
These are complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles
Able to move into and out of blood vessels
Respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues
Many types of WBC’s some are macrophages and some produce antibodies or histamine
*4,000 to 11,000 WBC per cubic millimeter of blood

16. Types of Leukocytes

17. Antibodies B cells are antibodies that bind to specific invaders.
T cells are helper cells – important in fighting off infections – stimulates the production of other immune cells

18. 3. Platelets - thrombocytes
Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes)
Needed for the clotting process
Normal platelet count = 300,000/mm3

19. Hemostasis: Blood Clot Formation
3 phases
1. Vascular spasms
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Coagulation (blood clotting)

20. 1. Vascular spasms Vasoconstriction causes blood vessel to spasm
Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss
Step 1: Vascular Spasms

21. 2. Platelet plug formation
Collagen fibers are exposed by a break in a blood vessel
Platelets become “sticky” and cling to fibers
Injury to lining of vessel exposes collagen fibers; platelets adhere
Collagen fibers
Step 1: Vascular Spasms
Step 2: Platelet Plug Formation

22. Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets
Injury to lining of vessel exposes collagen fibers; platelets adhere
Platelet plug forms
Collagen fibers
Platelets
Step 1: Vascular Spasms
Step 2: Platelet Plug Formation
Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets
Platelets pile up to form a platelet plug
Figure 10.6, step 3

23. 3. Coagulation Prothrombin in the plasma becomes thrombin (an enzyme)
Formation of prothrombin activator
Prothrombin
Fibrinogen (soluble)
Fibrin (insoluble)
Thrombin
Phases of coagulation (clotting cascade)
3. Coagulation
Prothrombin in the plasma becomes thrombin (an enzyme)
Fibrinogen (also found in plasma) becomes insoluable fibrogen (a web-like network)
RBCs are trapped in the fibrogen
Figure 10.6, step 7

24. Sum It Up https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=--bZUeb83uU
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