Migration Chapter 3

Key Question 1: What is Migration?

Movement Cyclic Movement – movement away from home for a short period. Commuting Seasonal movement Nomadism Periodic Movement – movement away from home for a longer period. Migrant labor Transhumance Military service

Migration Migration – A change in residence that is intended to be permanent. Little Haiti, Miami, Florida

International Migration – Movement across country borders (implying a degree of permanence).

Internal Migration Internal Migration Implies degree of permanence Within one country. Movements between states or provinces. Little government control. Factors: Employment Retirement Education Civil conflicts (internally displaced population).

Key Question 2: Why do People Migrate?

Ravenstein’s Anticipation Guide Determine whether you think each statement is TRUE or FALSE Check your answer with your neighbor- discuss why your answers are similar or dissimilar Are there any more general statements you think you could add about migration?

Ravenstein (1880’s) The greatest body of migrants travel short distances and remain within the same country. Each current has a compensating counter-current in the opposite direction. Long distance movements are directed towards great commercial centers. People in rural areas migrate less than people in urban areas. Males migrate more over long distances and females migrate more over short distances.

Additions to These Laws Most migrants are between 20-34 years of age. People mainly move for economic reasons. Urban housing development is inadequate for the influx of migrants so ghettoes/shanties are formed.

Can you think of some examples of each? Why do People Migrate? Forced Migration – Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate. Voluntary Migration – Human migration flows in which the movers respond to perceived opportunity, not force. Can you think of some examples of each?

Forced Migration – the Atlantic Slave Trade

Voluntary Migration – Migrants weigh push and pull factors to decide first, to emigrate from the home country and second, where to go. Distance Decay weighs into the decision to migrate, leading many migrants to move less far than they originally contemplate.

Kinds of Voluntary Migration Step Migration – When a migrant follows a path or a series of stages, or steps toward a final destination. * intervening opportunity –at one of the steps along the path, pull factors encourage the migrant to settle there. Chain Migration – When a migrant communicates to family and friends at home, encouraging further migration along the same path, along kinship links.

With a partner…. PUSH FACTORS PULL FACTORS Define Examples Define

Types of Push and Pull Factors Economic Conditions Political Circumstances Armed Conflict and Civil War Environmental Conditions Culture and Traditions Technological Advances

Economic Conditions – Migrants will often risk their lives in hopes of economic opportunities that will enable them to send money home (remittances) to their family members who remain behind.

Environmental Conditions – In Montserrat, a 1995 volcano made the southern half of the island, including the capital city of Plymouth, uninhabitable. People who remained migrated to the north or to the U.S.

HW-Migration Create a one page story about the reasons your ancestors immigrated to the United States. Include push/pull factors, the type of migration they partook in, how they traveled, their obstacles and what they accomplished once here. Try to speak with an ancestor that did migrate here. If you can’t, ask a parent or family member as much as you can and then you can infer the rest.

Where do People Migrate? Key Question 3: Where do People Migrate? Global Migration flows Regional Migration flows National Migration flows

Global Migration Flows Between 1500 and 1950, major global migration flows were influenced largely by: Exploration Colonization The Atlantic Slave Trade Impacts the place the migrants leave and where the migrants go.

Major Global Migration Flows From 1500 to 1950

Regional Migration Flows Migrants go to neighboring countries: - for short term economic opportunities. - to reconnect with cultural groups across borders. - to flee political conflict or war.

Economic Opportunities Islands of Development – Places within a region or country where foreign investment, jobs, and infrastructure are concentrated.

Reconnecting Cultural Groups About 700,000 Jews migrated to then-Palestine between 1900 and 1948. Fleeing Conflict/War After 1948, when the land was divided into two states (Israel and Palestine), 600,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were pushed out of newly-designated Israeli territories.

National Migration Flows Also known as internal migration eg. US, Russia, Mexico US: center of population moved west, then south

Guest Workers Guest workers – migrants whom a country allows in to fill a labor need, assuming the workers will go “home” once the labor need subsides. - have short term work visas - send remittances to home country What are some positives of allowing guest workers? Negatives?

Refugees A person who flees across an international boundary because of a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion.

Regions of Dislocation – What regions generate the most refugees? Subsaharan Africa North Africa and Southwest Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Europe

Imagine you are from an extremely poor country, and you earn less than $1 a day. Choose a country to be from, and look for it on a map. Assume you are a voluntary migrant. You look at your access to transportation and the opportunities you have to go elsewhere. Be realistic, and describe how you determine where you will go, how you get there, and what you do once you get there.

Journal How do governments affect migration? Use Chapter 2 vocab in your response

How do Governments Affect Migration? Key Question: How do Governments Affect Migration?

Governments Place Legal Restrictions on Migration Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow migration of certain groups into a country. Quotas limit the number of migrants from each region into a country. A country uses selective immigration to bar people with certain backgrounds from entering.

Waves of Immigration Changing immigration laws, and changing push and pull factors create waves of immigration.

Post-September 11 Post 9/11: US govt. marked 33 countries as countries where terrorist groups operate  govt automatically detains asylum-seekers from there

One goal of international organizations involved in aiding refugees is repatriation – return of the refugees to their home countries once the threat against them has passed. Take the example of Sudanese refugees. Think about how their land and their lives have changed since they became refugees. You are assigned the daunting task of repatriating Sudanese from Uganda once a peace solution is reached. What steps would you have to take to re-discover a home for these refugees?

Becoming American: Immigration Experiences How did you/your ancestors become an American? What did you need to do? What did you need to know or learn?

1875 English-Chinese Phrase Book designed to help newcomers from China adjust to life in the United States. Notice the topics of the various conversations. What do you notice about the language used in the book? What insights does the Phrase Book offer into the concerns of Chinese immigrants and their relationships with their neighbors?

Becoming American https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mxaras-fc-c What individuals, images, or events stand out? How does the video enhance our understanding of the Phrase Book and the experiences of Chinese immigrants living in the United States between 1847 and 1882? Do these experiences seem similar or different to those your ancestors may have experienced when coming to America?

Write a letter to a newspaper describing the needs of local immigrants and suggesting ways that they might be made to feel more welcome. Write a reflection or a poem that expresses how you regard immigrants and what you think they need to know about life in the United States.