A life without memory is no life at all - Louis Bunuel What is the earliest memory you could recall?
Chapter 10 Memory and Thought
Taking In and Storing Information Section 1 Taking In and Storing Information
Memory Memory is the input, storage, and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced. Processes of memory: Encoding: The transformation of information so that the nervous system can process it. (Use senses to create and record a memory). Three types: Acoustic: remember things by saying them out loud repeatedly (Listening). Visual: remember by trying to keep a mental picture of things (looking). Semantic: remember things by understanding them or making sense of them. Storage is the process where information is maintained over a period of time. Retrieval is when the information is brought to mind or ‘remembered’ from storage.
The Processes of Memory Encoding (recording) Storage (saving) Retrieval (recalling)
Stages of memory Sensory memory: quick memory storage which immediately follows a stimulus. Capacity: all stimulus in the moment. Duration: lasts a fraction of a second. Short-term memory (working memory): memory that is limited to about 7 items and has low duration if not rehearsed. (working memory combines short-term and long-term memory for current information i.e. studying). Capacity: about 7 items remembered. Duration: less than 20 seconds if not rehearsed.
Primary-recency effect: refers to up to the first or last four things you are able to remember in a list. Types of rehearsal: Maintenance rehearsal is a system to remember by repeating information to one’s self (memorizing). Chunking is grouping things together to remember them. Long-term memory: the storage of information over long periods of time. Types of long-term memory: Semantic memory is our knowing of languages and its rules. Episodic memory is our memory of events which occurred in one’s life with time. Declarative memory is stored information that can be remembered voluntarily. Procedural memory is the permanent storage of learned skills that don’t need to be remembered (i.e. writing). Example for each on the board
Three Systems of Memory
Sensory Memory Experiment
Memory Centers in the Brain Cortex: Stores memory Short-term: our ability to remember words, facts, and events (declarative memory). The capacity of short-term memory depends on the activity in the cortex. Long-term: ability to remember words, facts, and events (declarative memory) from the past depends on activity in the cortex. Thalamus: information processing Our ability to process sensory information to create memories. Hippocampus: Ability to transfer facts or events from short-term into long-term memory. Amygdala: Emotion Associations (associate information with emotions).
Short-term memory (stored) Long-term Memory (storage) Short-term memory (stored) Amygdala
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