1. Memory

2. Memory receives information (senses)
organizes and alters as it stores it
retrieves

3. Three Processes of Memory:
Encoding - convert information to form usable in brain’s storage (PUT IT IN)
Storage - holding onto information (KEEP IT IN)
Retrieval - getting information in storage to form to be used (GET IT OUT)

4. Levels-of-processing model
more "deeply processed”
processed according to its meaning vs. basic characteristics
remembered more efficiently and for longer!
Bloom’s taxonomy!

6. Three-Stage Process of Memory
Into sensory system Briefly registers (sensory memory)
Selective attention filters into short-term memory
Held while attention (rehearsal) continues
If enough rehearsal (maintenance/elaboration), will enter/be stored (long-term memory)

7. Short-term memory (STM)
working memory
information held for brief periods while being used
Selective attention

8. Short-Term Memory
Chunking – bits of information combined into meaningful units (chunks) = more information can be held in STM
e.g. language learning

9. Short-Term Memory
Maintenance rehearsal - saying some information over and over in one’s head in order to maintain it in STM
STMs tend to be encoded in auditory form

10. Long-term memory (LTM)
information placed to be kept more or less permanently
Elaborative rehearsal - transferring information from STM into LTM
making meaningful in some way
Metacognition!

11. Types of LTM
Procedural memory - skills, procedures, habits, conditioned responses
not conscious, but affect conscious behavior
Declarative memory – conscious and known (memory for facts)

12. more on procedural memory
Skills people know how to do, implicit
Also emotional associations, habits, simple conditioned reflexes
may or may not be in conscious awareness
IAT (implicit associations)

13. more on declarative memory
All things people know, conscious/explicit
Semantic memory - general knowledge
Language, formal education
Episodic memory - personal information not readily available to others
daily activities, events

15. Cues to Help Remember Retrieval cue
Encoding specificity - improved if related information (surroundings/physiological state) available also available when retrieved
Final exam, studying

16. recall
Serial position effect - beginning and end remembered more accurately
Primacy effect - beginning
Recency effect - end
Job interviews, contests

17. Recognition False positive – error of recognition
think recognize stimulus not actually in memory

18. Eyewitness Testimony Elizabeth Loftus study
what people see and hear about event after the fact can easily affect accuracy of memories of that event
Eye witness testimony not always reliable!

21. Alzheimer’s Disease
Primary memory difficulty - anterograde amnesia (although retrograde amnesia can also occur)
Drugs to slow or stop the progression of Alzheimer’s disease

22. Best ways to Prevent Alzheimer’s Disease
Exercise!!!
Maintain a healthy weight
Stay engaged (intellectually AND socially)
Learn new things
Protect your head
Meditate