Biotechnology-

DNA Fingerprinting Used to diagnose genetic disorders and identify carriers Analyze evidence at crime scenes (some placed in CODIS-Combined DNA Index System) Evidence of paternity Personal identity

Used to diagnose genetic diseases, analyze evidence at crime scenes, and determine paternity

DNA Fingerprinting

Which is adopted? Which is from mom’s previous marriage?

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Technique for making unlimited copies of DNA- CLONING. Useful when small amount of DNA is available.

Genetic Engineering Process of replacing specific genes in an organism to produce a desired trait. Accomplished by taking specific genes from one organism and placing them into another organism Gene map = location of gene on chromosome Human Genome Project – map of human genes

Human Genome Project Project began in 1990 and was completed in 2003. Mapped out the entire Human Genome. Human Genome has ~3 BILLION base pairs. Less than 20,000 genes. Grape plants have 30,434 genes and chickens have 16,736 genes.

Recombinant DNA DNA from two organisms are combined; a gene from one organism is spliced into another organism. Uses: manufacturing of insulin, anticancer medications, natural pesticides, etc….

Cloning Identical copy of a gene or organism produced (naturally or genetically engineered) Pros: organ transplants, saving endangered species Cons: genetic disorders, more health problems

Gene Therapy Process by which a normal gene is inserted into an absent/abnormal gene Normal gene produces correct protein and eliminates cause of disorder Cons: Limited success, host often rejects injected genetic material Stem Cells: can replace tissue that is deficient due to disease or damage

Selective Breeding Artificially selecting and breeding organisms with desired traits Parents need gene for trait Inbreeding = gene becomes more prevalent Ex: crops, domesticated animals Hybrids – 2 traits selected, breeding similar species offspring often sterile (Horse + donkey = Mule)