1. Biotechnology
Exploring the source and exploitation of genetic alterations
Used in: forensics, genetically modified foods (GMOs), medicine.

2. Means of genetic manipulation:
1. Selective breeding:
Of dissimilar individuals, called hybridization
Of similar individuals, called inbreeding

3. 2. Mutation caused by mutagen (radiation or chemicals)
3. Use of drugs to produce polyploids (several DNA copies)

4. Direct manipulation of genes Uses recombinant DNA technology:
4. Genetic Engineering:
Direct manipulation of genes
Uses recombinant DNA technology:
Gene cloning
Transformation (cell takes up foreign DNA)

5. Applications of genetic engineering:
Gene therapy: uses recombinant DNA technology to replace an absent or faulty gene with a normal, working gene
Production of transgenic organisms (organisms with other organisms’ genes) that help make better medicines, treatments, and supplements
( - 1) Try your hand at gene therapy – click here)

6. Tools of genetic engineering:
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) makes billions of copies of a segment of DNA
Gel electrophoresis makes a picture of DNA called a DNA fingerprint
DNA fingerprinting: identifies differences between individuals’ genetic makeup to establish identity or relationships
Useful in forensics, paternity tests, etc

7. DNA Fingerprinting in Paternity Tests: Which child is not dad’s?