Chapter 7-4 Cell Structure and Function Ribosome (attached) Nucleolus Ribosome (free) Nucleus Cell Membrane Nuclear envelope Mitochondrion Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles Golgi apparatus Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved

WHICH IS BIGGER? _________ > _____________ > ___________ Plant cell Animal cell bacteria _________ > _____________ > ___________

A CELL is . . . made of MOLECULES Image from: http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_membrane.html A CELL is . . . made of MOLECULES ATOMS MOLECULES ORGANELLES _______  ___________ ___________

CELL THEORY CELL SIZE Cells life existing PLANT ANIMAL BACTERIA 1. All living things are made of _____________. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in an organism (= basic unit of __________) 3. New cells are produced from _________________ cells Cells life existing PLANT ANIMAL BACTERIA ___________ cells > _________ cells > _____________

ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS WITH Cells __________ a NUCLEUS AND ORGANELLES surrounded by MEMBRANES = _________________ Cells __________ a _____________ OR ORGANELLES surrounded by _______________ = ________________ WITHOUT NUCLEUS MEMBRANES EUKARYOTES PROKARYOTES Bacterial Cell http://www.earthlife.net/prokaryotes/welcome.html http://summit.k12.co.us/schools/shs/computer/tkelley/types.html

CELL MEMBRANE Cell membranes are made mainly of ________________ & __________________ PHOSPHOLIPIDS PROTEINS Outside of cell Inside (cytoplasm) Cell membrane Proteins Protein channel Lipid bilayer Carbohydrate chains Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved

LIPID TAILS ARE HYDROPHOBIC HYDROPHILIC  HYDROPHOBIC  Image by Riedell

Oil and water don’t mix! Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch112/lipids/micbilayer.gif

PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER SEE HOW MEMBRANES FORM Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch112/lipids/micbilayer.gif

GLYCOPROTEINS Recognize “self” GLYCOPROTEINS are PROTEINS with carbohydrates attached Image from: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Membranes/membrane.htm

TRANSPORT PROTEINS help move substances across the cell membrane http://www2.uic.edu/~myilma1/ionchannel.gif Animations from: http://bio.winona.edu/berg/ANIMTNS/facdifan.gif More on this in Chapter 7-3

WHAT DOES IT DO? Acts as a boundary Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cellmembrane.html http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm Acts as a boundary Controls what enters and leaves cell

Cell membranes MOVE! Molecules in cell membranes are Animation from: http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/fluidmem.gif Click here to see Fluidity Animation Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing

CYTOPLASM (Between nucleus and cell membrane) Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html Organelles suspended in gel-like goo ORGANELLE- small structure with a specific function (job) Image from: http://faculty.stcc.cc.tn.us/jiwilliams/labprojectsmenu.htm

CELL MEMBRANE (PLASMA MEMBRANE) phospholipids proteins Made mainly of ____________________ and _________________ HYDROPHOBIC “tails” of phospholipids make molecules line up as LIPID ________________ with POLAR heads facing _______ & NON-POLAR tails facing ________ out BILAYER in MEMBRANE PROTEINS _________________ - recognize “self” _______________ PROTEINS- move molecules across membrane GLYCOPROTEINS TRANSPORT FUNCTION: SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE Membranes are _________________________________ (=Semi-permeable) Allow certain molecules to pass through; but keep others out ___________ what enters & leaves cell Helps with _________________ CONTROLS HOMEOSTASIS cytoplasm __________________ = gel-like material + organelles between nucleus and cell membrane

NUCLEUS Largest organelle in animal cells Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm

NUCLEUS Surrounded by NUCLEAR MEMBRANE DOUBLE MEMBRANE Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_11.GIF

WHAT DOES IT DO? Contains genetic material (DNA) DNA is scrunched up as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells DNA is spread out as CHROMATIN in non-dividing cells

WHAT DOES IT DO? Control center of cell Genetic code tells the Image from: Genetic code tells the cell’s parts what to do Image from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm

NUCLEOLUS Dark spot in nucleus = __________ NUCLEOLUS Image from: http://lifesci.rutgers.edu/~babiarz/histo/cell/nuc3L.jpg Dark spot in nucleus = __________ NUCLEOLUS Makes RNA for ribosomes

NUCLEUS NUCLEOLUS DOUBLE CONTROL DNA RIBOSOMES CHROMOSOMES Surrounded by ______________ MEMBRANE ___________ CENTER OF CELL CONTAINS GENETIC MATERIAL (_______) Dark spot = NUCLEOLUS makes ___________________ (RNA) CONTROL DNA RIBOSOMES CHROMOSOMES DNA is scrunched up as ______________ in dividing cells. CHROMATIN DNA is spread out as ________________ in non-dividing cells.

CENTRIOLES Appear during cell division to pull chromosomes apart

CENTRIOLES/MITOTIC SPINDLE Made of PROTEINS Image from: http://www.coleharbourhigh.ednet.ns.ca/library/organelle_worksheet.htm

CENTRIOLES Pull chromosomes apart; PROTEINS ANIMAL Made of _______________________ Only seen in _______________ cells during cell division Function:__________________________________ ANIMAL Pull chromosomes apart;

MITOCHONDRION (plural=MITOCHONDRIA) Look like “little sausages” Image from: http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/dfrankl/CURR/kin150/Images/mitochondria.jpg

MITOCHONDRIA Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane Has its own DNA Folded inner membrane increases surface area for more chemical reactions Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe

MITOCHONDRIA Come from cytoplasm in EGG You inherit your mitochondria from your mother! http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/p14%5b1%5d.jpg

WHAT DOES IT DO? “Powerplant of cell” Burns glucose to release energy Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/mito.html http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html “Powerplant of cell” Burns glucose to release energy Stores energy as ATP Image by: Riedell

MITOCHONDRION (pl. MITOCHONDRIA) DOUBLE Surrounded by _____________ membrane Contains its own ___________ _______________ of cell Burns ____________ Stores energy released as ______ DNA Power plant GLUCOSE ATP Folded inner membrane = _________________ (increases surface area for more chemical reactions) CRISTAE

 RIBOSOMES Made of PROTEINS and RNA Protein factory for cell Join amino acids to make proteins  Image by: RIedell Image from: http://www.ust.hk/roundtable/hi-tech.series/1_b1.jpg

RIBOSOMES Can be attached to Rough ER OR free in cytoplasm Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe Can be attached to Rough ER OR free in cytoplasm Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm

RIBOSOMES FREE in cytoplasm ATTACHED PROTEINS RNA MAKE PROTEINS Can be ________________ or ___________ to Rough ER MADE OF ______________ & ________ FUNCTION: _____________________ PROTEINS RNA MAKE PROTEINS

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Network of hollow membrane tubules 2 KINDS: SMOOTH or ROUGH Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_10B.GIF

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Rough ER) Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/er.html Makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of cell Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Has RIBOSOMES attached Act as highway to move molecules around in cells Image from: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/cells/ER.jpg

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Smooth ER) Image from: http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0073.JPG Has NO ribosomes attached Has enzymes for special tasks

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Smooth ER) Image from:http://www.accs.net/users/kriel/chapter%20eight/smooth%20er.gif Makes membrane lipids Regulates calcium (muscle cells) Destroys toxic substances (Liver)

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Internal Network of membranes Rough ER: Attached ribosomes make _________________ Acts as highway to _______________ molecules inside cell Smooth ER: Makes membrane ______________ Regulates ________________ in muscles Breaks down _________________ in liver PROTEINS TRANSPORT ROUGH ER SMOOTH ER (with ribosomes) (no ribosomes) LIPIDS CALCIUM TOXINS

GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY) Image from: http://www.rsbs.anu.edu Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h Pancake like membrane stacks Modify, sort, & package molecules from ER for transport out of cell Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h

Animation from: http://www.franklincollege.edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week04.html See a Golgi movie

GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY) stack of pancakes Looks like a “______________________” Made of ______________________ FUNCTION: Modify, sort, & package substances from ER for _______________ out of cell membranes export

It’s ALL connected!

LYSOSOMES Digest food, unwanted molecules, Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/lysosomes.html Membrane bound sacs that contain PROTEINS called digestive enzymes Digest food, unwanted molecules, old organelles, cells, bacteria, etc

LYSOSOMES See lysosomes in action: Image modified from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html

LYSOSOMES See LYSOSOME MOVIE Image from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html

“PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH” = ______________________ APOPTOSIS Lysosomes help digest unwanted cells http://www.mgm.ufl.edu/images/bharfe/image3.jpg http://research.yale.edu/ysm/images/78.3/articles-apoptosis-cells.jpg

Apoptosis plays a role in: Embryonic development Normal body cell maintenance Immune system responses Cancer AIDS infection Transplant rejection http://www.cellsalive.com/apop.htm

Digestive enzymes LYSOSOMES Sac containing _________________________ FUNCTION: Digests __________________________________ Plays a role in ____________“Programmed cell death” Cell suicide for the good of the organism Digestive enzymes food molecules & unwanted cells/cell parts; APOPTOSIS

WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT PLANT CELLS? Cell wall HUGE vacuoles Chloroplasts No centrioles

CELL WALL Supports and protects cell http://www.windows.ucar.edu/kids_space/images/brick_wall.jpg http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm Outside of cell membrane Made of carbohydrates & proteins Plant cell walls are mainly _____________ CELLULOSE

CELL WALL Cell membrane Found OUTSIDE the ____________________ Provides ____________ & ________________ SUPPORT PROTECTION CELLULOSE ___________________ makes plant cells sturdy Bacteria have cell walls made of _______________ PEPTIDOGLYCAN

VACUOLES Storage space Image from: http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/plant_cell.gif Storage space http://library.thinkquest.org/3564/Cells/cell93.gif

VACUOLES Image from: http://www.metoliusfriends.org/csca/images/tupperware.jpg Storage space for WATER, salts, proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, and waste Vacuoles SMALL in ANIMAL CELLS NO VACUOLES IN BACTERIA

VACUOLES Storage space for: _______________ plant Proteins, carbohydrates, water, waste plant Huge in __________cells , small in _____________ cells, Not in _________________ animal bacteria

CHLOROPLASTS Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose) http://www.seorf.ohiou.edu/~tstork/compass.rose/photosynthesis/chloro_sun_bathing.gif Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose) http://stallion.abac.peachnet.edu/sm/kmccrae/BIOL2050/Ch1-13/JpegArt1-13/04jpeg/04-28_chloroplasts_1.jpg

CHLOROPLASTS Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/04/HTML/source/04-17-chloroplast-nl.htm Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane Thylakoid membrane sacs contain enzymes for photosynthesis Contains own DNA

CHLOROPLAST DOUBLE Surrounded by ____________ membrane Has own ________ _____________ =membrane sacs inside Contain CHLOROPHYLL where _______________________ happens FOUND ONLY IN _____________ CELLS DNA THYLAKOIDS PHOTOSYNTHESIS PLANT

WHAT’S DIFFERENT ABOUT BACTERIAL CELLS? Cell wall NO NUCLEAR MEMBRANE DNA is circular No membrane bound organelles http://www.eurekascience.com/ICanDoThat/bacteria_cells.htm

BACTERIA have a CELL WALL BUT… IT’S MADE OF DIFFERENT MOLECULES than plant cell walls! _______________ NOT CELLULOSE! More on this in Chapter 18! Image from: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/procaryotes/images/procaryote.jpg PEPTIDOGLYCAN

DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL CELLS, PLANT CELLS, AND BACTERIA ANIMAL CELL Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Cell membrane Nuclear membrane NO nuclear membrane NO cell wall Cell wall made of CELLULOSE Cell wall made of PEPTIDOGLYCAN Has ribosomes DNA in multiple chromosomes DNA in multiple chromosomes DNA is a single circular ring Small vacuoles Really big vacuole NO vacuoles Has lysosomes NO lysosomes Has centrioles NO centrioles NO chloroplasts Chloroplasts SMALLER SMALL SMALLEST

BACTERIA are PROKARYOTES PLANTS & ANIMALS are EUKARYOTES No membrane bound organelles Organelles with membranes BACTERIA are PROKARYOTES PLANTS & ANIMALS are EUKARYOTES

USE WORDS FROM THE WORD BANKS TO COMPLETE THE VENN DIAGRAM COMPARISON

SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. Transport cell membranes, homeostasis Photosynthesis and respiration ATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymes Mitochondria Chloroplasts

Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things 9-12.L.1.2. Students are able to classify organisms using characteristics and evolutionary relationships of major taxa. Kingdoms Examples: animals, plants, fungi, protista, monera

Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors High school students performing at the ADVANCED level: predict the function of a given structure; predict how homeostasis is maintained within living systems; PROFICIENT level: describe and give examples of chemical reactions required to sustain life (…role of enzymes) describe the relationship between structure and function explain how homeostasis is maintained within living systems; BASIC level name chemical reactions required to sustain life (… role of enzymes) recognize that different structures perform different functions identify DNA as the structure that carries the genetic code define homeostasis;

SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. Transport cell membranes, homeostasis Photosynthesis and respiration ATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymes Mitochondria Chloroplasts