1. Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function
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2. CELL THEORY 1. All living things are made of cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and
function in living things.
(CELL= the basic unit of life)
Cells come from the reproduction of
existing cells.

3. WHICH IS BIGGER? _________ > _____________ > ___________
Plant cell
Animal cell
bacteria
_________ > _____________ > ___________

4. A CELL is . . . made of MOLECULES
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A CELL is made of MOLECULES
ATOMS
MOLECULES
ORGANELLES
_______  ___________ ___________

5. CELL THEORY CELL SIZE
1. All living things are made of _____________. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in an organism (= basic unit of __________) 3. Cells come from the reproduction of ___________________ cells
___________ cells > _________ cells > _____________

6. CELL MEMBRANE (also called plasma membrane)
Cell membranes are made of ________________ & __________________
PHOSPHOLIPIDS PROTEINS

7. LIPID TAILS ARE HYDROPHOBIC
HYDROPHILIC 
HYDROPHOBIC 

8. Oil and water don’t mix!
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9. PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
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10. CELL MEMBRANE PERIPHERAL INTEGRAL
Proteins that stick on the surface = _____________ (either inside or outside of cell)
Proteins that stick INTO membrane = ________________
(can go part way in or all the way through)
PERIPHERAL
INTEGRAL

11. GLYCOPROTEINS
Recognize “self”
GLYCOPROTEINS are INTEGRAL PROTEINS

12. WHAT DOES IT DO? Controls what enters and leaves cell
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Controls what enters and leaves cell

13. SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE (semi-permeable)

14. CELL MEMBRANE __________________ and ______________
Made of
__________________ and ______________
HYDROPHOBIC “tails” of phospholipids make molecules line up
as a LIPID ________________ with POLAR heads facing _______ and NON-POLAR tails facing ________
Proteins attached to inside or outside surface = ______________
Proteins stuck into membrane = ______________
(can go part way in or all the way through)
OTHER MOLECULES:
GLYCOPROTEINS (with sugars) attached that “recognize self” are ________________ PROTEINS
STEROIDS (lipids)

15. CYTOPLASM (cytosol + organelles)
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CYTOSOL – gel-like goo
ORGANELLE- small structure with a specific function (job)
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16. NUCLEUS Largest organelle in animal cells
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17. NUCLEUS Surrounded by DOUBLE bilayer membrane
= NUCLEAR ENVELOPE (nuclear membrane)
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18. NUCLEUS
NUCLEAR PORES
Openings to allow molecules to move in and out of nucleus
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19. WHAT DOES IT DO? Contains genetic material (DNA) DNA is spread out
as CHROMATIN in non-dividing cells
DNA is scrunched up
as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells

20. WHAT DOES IT DO? Control center of cell Genetic code tells the
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Genetic code tells the
cell’s parts what to do
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21. NUCLEOLUS Dark spot in nucleus = NUCLEOLUS Makes RNA for ribosomes
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Dark spot in nucleus = NUCLEOLUS
Makes RNA for ribosomes

22. NUCLEUS NUCLEOLUS DNA is scrunched up as ______________
Surrounded by _____________ bilayer MEMBRANE (called the NUCLEAR ENVELOPE)
CONTROL CENTER OF CELL
CONTAINS GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA)
Dark spot = NUCLEOLUS makes ___________________ (RNA)
DNA is scrunched up as ______________
in dividing cells.
DNA is spread out as ________________
in non-dividing cells.

23. CYTOSKELETON Gives cell shape & support Help move organelles around
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CYTOSKELETON
Gives cell shape & support
Help move organelles around
Made of PROTEINS called
MICROFILAMENTS
& MICROTUBULES
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24. CYTOSKELETON

25. MITOCHONDRIA (plural=MITOCHONDRIA)
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Looks like “little sausages”

26. MITOCHONDRIA Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane Has its own DNA
Folded inner membrane called CRISTAE
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27. WHAT DOES IT DO? “Powerplant of cell” Burns glucose to release energy
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“Powerplant of cell”
Burns glucose to
release energy
Stores energy as ATP
Image by: Riedell

28. MITOCHONDRIA ______________________ of cell Burns ____________
Surrounded by _____________ membrane Contains its own ___________
______________________ of cell
Burns ____________
Stores energy as ______
Folded inner membrane = _________________
(increases surface area for more chemical reactions)

29. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
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Network of
hollow tubules
2 KINDS:
SMOOTH or ROUGH
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30. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Rough ER)
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Moves substances around inside cell
= “Intracellular highway”
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Has RIBOSOMES attached

31. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
Has RIBOSOMES attached
Transports molecules to other parts of cell

32. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER)
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Has NO ribosomes attached
Makes steroids
Regulates calcium
Destroys toxic substances

33. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Network membranes Rough ER: Transports molecules inside cell “____________________________”
Smooth ER: Makes ______________, regulates ________________, breaks down _________________
SMOOTH ER ROUGH ER
(no ribosomes) (with ribosomes)

34.  RIBOSOMES Made of PROTEINS and RNA Protein factory for cell
Image by: RIedell
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35. RIBOSOMES Can be attached to Rough ER OR free in cytoplasm
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Can be attached to Rough ER OR
free in cytoplasm
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36. RIBOSOMES

37. GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)
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Pancake like membrane stacks
Packages molecules for transport out of cell
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38. GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)

39. It’s ALL connected!

40. LYSOSOMES
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Membrane bound sacs that contain PROTEINS called digestive enzymes
Digest food, unwanted molecules,
old organelles, cells, bacteria, etc

41. LYSOSOMES
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42. LYSOSOMES
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43. LYSOSOMES

44. CENTRIOLES
Appear during cell division to pull chromosomes apart

45. CENTRIOLES Made of PROTEINS called MICROTUBULES
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46. CENTRIOLES

47. FLAGELLA & CILIA Made of PROTEINS called MICROTUBULES
(9 + 2 arrangement)
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48. FLAGELLA
Help in cell movement

49. CILIA
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Move cell itself

50. CILIA Move substances past cells
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51. CILIA FLAGELLA WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE? Many short Few Long
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Few
Long

52. CILIA FLAGELLA

53. WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT PLANT CELLS?
Cell wall
HUGE vacuoles
Chloroplasts
No centrioles

54. CELL WALL Supports and protects cell
Outside of cell membrane Made of polysaccharide _______________
CELLULOSE

55. VACUOLES Storage space
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Storage space

56. VACUOLES Storage space for WATER, enzymes, and waste
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Storage space for WATER, enzymes, and waste
Vacuoles SMALL in ANIMAL CELLS NO VACUOLES IN BACTERIA

57. VACUOLES

58. CHLOROPLASTS
Use energy from sun to make glucose for food

59. CHLOROPLASTS Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane
Thylakoid stacks contain enzymes for photosynthesis
Contains own DNA

60. CHLOROPLAST

61. WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT BACTERIAL CELLS?
Cell wall
NO NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
DNA is circular
No membrane bound organelles

62. BACTERIA have a CELL WALL BUT…
ITS MADE OF DIFFERENT MOLECULES than Plant cell walls!
NO CELLULOSE!
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63. Cell wall made of CELLULOSE Cell wall made of PROTEINS
DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL CELLS, PLANT CELLS, AND BACTERIA
ANIMAL CELL
PLANT CELL
BACTERIA
Cell membrane
NO cell wall
Cell wall made of CELLULOSE
Cell wall made of PROTEINS
Has ribosomes
Nuclear membrane
NO nuclear membrane
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
DNA in chromosomes
DNA in chromosomes
DNA is a circular ring
No chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
Small vacuoles
Really big vacuole
No vacuoles
Has lysosomes
Lysosomes rare
No lysosomes
SMALLER
SMALL
SMALLEST

64. The Biology Coloring Book, Robert D
The Biology Coloring Book, Robert D. Griffin, Barnes and Noble Books, 1986

65. The Biology Coloring Book, Robert D
The Biology Coloring Book, Robert D. Griffin, Barnes and Noble Books, 1986