1. Chapter 7-4 Cell Structure and Function
Ribosome (attached)
Nucleolus
Ribosome (free)
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Nuclear envelope
Mitochondrion
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Centrioles
Golgi apparatus
Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved

2. A CELL is . . . made of MOLECULES
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A CELL is made of MOLECULES
ATOMS
MOLECULES
ORGANELLES
_______  ___________ ___________

3. CELL THEORY CELL SIZE Cells life existing PLANT ANIMAL BACTERIA
1. All living things are made of _____________. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in an organism (= basic unit of __________) 3. New cells are produced from _________________ cells
Cells
life
existing
PLANT
ANIMAL
BACTERIA
___________ cells > _________ cells > _____________

4. ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS
WITH
Cells __________ a NUCLEUS AND
ORGANELLES surrounded by MEMBRANES
= _________________
Cells __________ a _____________ OR
ORGANELLES surrounded by _______________
= ________________
WITHOUT
NUCLEUS
MEMBRANES
EUKARYOTES
PROKARYOTES
Bacterial Cell

5. CELL MEMBRANE (also called plasma membrane)
Cell membranes are made mainly of ________________ & __________________
PHOSPHOLIPIDS PROTEINS
Outside
of cell
Inside
(cytoplasm)
Cell
membrane
Proteins
Protein
channel
Lipid bilayer
Carbohydrate
chains
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6. LIPID TAILS ARE HYDROPHOBIC
HYDROPHILIC 
HYDROPHOBIC 
Image by Riedell

7. Oil and water don’t mix!
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8. PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER SEE HOW MEMBRANES FORM Scroll down to animation
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9. CELL MEMBRANE PERIPHERAL INTEGRAL
Proteins that stick on the surface = _____________ (either inside or outside of cell)
Proteins that stick INTO membrane = ________________
(can go part way in or all the way through)
PERIPHERAL
INTEGRAL

10. GLYCOPROTEINS Recognize “self”
GLYCOPROTEINS are PROTEINS with carbohydrates attached
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11. TRANSPORT PROTEINS help move substances across the cell membrane
Animations from:
More on this in Chapter 7-3

12. WHAT DOES IT DO? Acts as a boundary
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Acts as a boundary
Controls what enters and leaves cell

13. Cell membranes MOVE! Molecules in cell membranes are
Animation from:
Click here to see Fluidity Animation
Molecules in cell membranes are
constantly moving and changing

14. CYTOPLASM (Between nucleus and cell membrane)
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Organelles suspended
in gel-like goo
ORGANELLE- small structure with a specific function (job)
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15. CELL MEMBRANE (PLASMA MEMBRANE)
phospholipids proteins
Made mainly of ____________________ and _________________
HYDROPHOBIC “tails” of phospholipids make molecules line up as
LIPID ________________ with POLAR heads facing _______ &
NON-POLAR tails facing ________
out
BILAYER in
MEMBRANE PROTEINS
____________________- stick on inside or outside surface
____________________- go part way or all the way through
_________________ - recognize “self”
_______________ PROTEINS- move molecules across membrane
PERIPHERAL
INTEGRAL
GLYCOPROTEINS
TRANSPORT
FUNCTION:
SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE
Membranes are _________________________________
(=Semi-permeable)
Allow certain molecules to pass through; but keep others out
___________ what enters & leaves cell Helps with _________________
CONTROLS
HOMEOSTASIS
cytoplasm
__________________ = gel-like material + organelles between
nucleus and cell membrane

16. NUCLEUS Largest organelle in animal cells
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17. NUCLEUS Surrounded by NUCLEAR ENVELOPE (also called NUCLEAR MEMBRANE)
DOUBLE MEMBRANE
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18. NUCLEUS
NUCLEAR PORES
Openings to allow molecules to move in and out of nucleus
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19. WHAT DOES IT DO? Contains genetic material (DNA) DNA is scrunched up
as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells
DNA is spread out
as CHROMATIN in non-dividing cells

20. WHAT DOES IT DO? Control center of cell Genetic code tells the
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Genetic code tells the
cell’s parts what to do
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21. NUCLEOLUS Dark spot in nucleus = __________ NUCLEOLUS
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Dark spot in nucleus = __________
NUCLEOLUS
Makes RNA for ribosomes

22. NUCLEUS NUCLEOLUS DOUBLE ENVELOPE CONTROL PORES DNA RIBOSOMES
Surrounded by ______________ MEMBRANE called the NUCLEAR __________________
___________ CENTER OF CELL
Nuclear ___________ allow molecules in & out
CONTAINS CELL’S GENETIC MATERIAL (_______)
Dark spot = NUCLEOLUS makes ___________________ (RNA)
ENVELOPE
CONTROL
PORES
DNA
RIBOSOMES
CHROMOSOMES
DNA is scrunched up as ______________
in dividing cells.
CHROMATIN
DNA is spread out as ________________
in non-dividing cells.

23. CYTOSKELETON Helps cell maintain shape Help move organelles around
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CYTOSKELETON
Helps cell maintain shape
Help move organelles around
Made of PROTEINS:
MICROFILAMENTS (Actin)
& MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)
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24. MICROTUBULES MICROFILAMENTS
CYTOSKELETON
Made of PROTEINS called
______________ & _________________
FUNCTION: _________________________
___________________________________
MICROTUBULES MICROFILAMENTS
Helps cell maintain shape;
Support; Helps in movement

25. CENTRIOLES
Appear during cell division to guide chromosomes apart

26. CENTRIOLES/MITOTIC SPINDLE
Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)
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27. CENTRIOLES guide chromosomes apart; MICROTUBULES ANIMAL
Made of __________________________
Only seen in _______________ cells during cell division
Function:__________________________________
ANIMAL
guide chromosomes apart;

28. MITOCHONDRION (plural=MITOCHONDRIA)
Look like “little sausages”
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29. MITOCHONDRIA Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane Has its own DNA
Folded inner membrane increases surface area for more chemical
reactions
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30. MITOCHONDRIA Come from cytoplasm in EGG
You inherit your mitochondria from your mother!

31. WHAT DOES IT DO? “Powerplant of cell” Burns glucose to release energy
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“Powerplant of cell”
Burns glucose to
release energy
Stores energy as ATP
Image by: Riedell

32. MITOCHONDRION (pl. MITOCHONDRIA)
DOUBLE
Surrounded by _____________ membrane Contains its own ___________
_______________ of cell
Burns ____________
Stores energy released as ______
DNA
Power plant
GLUCOSE
ATP
Folded inner membrane = _________________
(increases surface area for more chemical reactions)
CRISTAE

33.  RIBOSOMES Made of PROTEINS and RNA
Protein factory for cell Join amino acids to make proteins 
Image by: RIedell
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34. RIBOSOMES Can be attached to Rough ER OR free in cytoplasm
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Can be attached to Rough ER OR
free in cytoplasm
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35. RIBOSOMES FREE in cytoplasm ATTACHED PROTEINS RNA MAKE PROTEINS
Can be __________________ or __________ to Rough ER
MADE OF ______________ & ________
FUNCTION: _____________________
PROTEINS RNA
MAKE PROTEINS

36. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Network of hollow membrane tubules
2 KINDS:
SMOOTH or ROUGH
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37. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Rough ER)
Animation from:
Makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of cell
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38. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
Has RIBOSOMES attached
Proteins are made on ribosomes and inserted into Rough ER to be modified and transported
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39. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER)
Image from:
Has NO ribosomes attached
Has enzymes for special tasks

40. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER)
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Makes membrane lipids (steroids)
Regulates calcium (muscle cells)
Destroys toxic substances (Liver)

41. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
MEMBRANES
Internal Network of ___________________
Rough ER: Attached ribosomes make _________________
which are modified and transported to Golgi for export
Smooth ER:
Makes membrane lipids (__________________) Regulates ________________ in muscles Breaks down _________________ in liver
PROTEINS
ROUGH ER SMOOTH ER
(with ribosomes) (no ribosomes)
STEROIDS
CALCIUM
TOXINS

42. GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)
Image from:
Image from:
Pancake like membrane stacks
Modify, sort, & package
molecules from ER
for storage OR transport out of cell
Image from:

43. Animation from: http://www.franklincollege.edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week04.html
See a Golgi movie

44. GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)
Looks like a “______________________”
Made of ______________________
FUNCTION: Modify, sort, & package substances
from ER for ______________ or
_______________ out of cell
stack of pancakes
membranes
storage
export

45. It’s ALL connected!

46. LYSOSOMES Digest food, unwanted molecules,
Animation from:
Membrane bound sacs that contain PROTEINS called digestive enzymes
Digest food, unwanted molecules,
old organelles, cells, bacteria, etc

47. LYSOSOMES See lysosomes in action:
Image modified from:

48. LYSOSOMES See LYSOSOME MOVIE
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49. “PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH” = ______________________ APOPTOSIS
Lysosomes help
digest unwanted
cells
See animation

50. Apoptosis plays a role in: Embryonic development
Normal body cell maintenance Immune system responses
Cancer
AIDS infection
Transplant rejection

51. Digestive enzymes LYSOSOMES Sac containing _________________________
FUNCTION:
Digests __________________________________
Plays a role in ____________“Programmed cell death”
Cell suicide for the good of the organism
Digestive enzymes
food molecules & unwanted cells/cell parts;
APOPTOSIS

52. FLAGELLA & CILIA Made of PROTEINS called MICROTUBULES
(9 + 2 arrangement)
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53. FLAGELLA
Help in cell movement

54. CILIA
Animation from:
Move cell itself

55. CILIA Move substances past cells

56. CILIA FLAGELLA WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE? Many short Few Long
Animation from:
Few
Long

57. CILIA & FLAGELLA MICROTUBULES Made of PROTEINS called _______________
organized in a _________ arrangement
that help with ___________________
CILIA =________ & __________
FUNCTION: ______________________
________________________________
FLAGELLA =______ & ________
FUNCTION: _________________
9 + 2
MOVEMENT
MANY SHORT
move cells; move substances past cells
FEW LONG
Move cells

58. WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT PLANT CELLS?
Cell wall
HUGE vacuoles
Chloroplasts
No centrioles
Plant vs Animal cells

59. CELL WALL Supports and protects cell
Outside of cell membrane Made of carbohydrates & proteins
Plant cell walls are mainly _____________
CELLULOSE

60. CELL WALL Cell membrane Found OUTSIDE the ____________________
Provides ____________ & ________________
SUPPORT PROTECTION
CELLULOSE
___________________ makes plant cells sturdy
Bacteria have cell walls made of _______________
instead.
PEPTIDOGLYCAN

61. VACUOLES Storage space
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Storage space

62. VACUOLES
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Storage space for WATER, salts, proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, and waste
Vacuoles SMALL in ANIMAL CELLS NO VACUOLES IN BACTERIA

63. Contractile vacuoles control excess water in cells (HOMEOSTASIS) 1

64. VACUOLES Storage space for: _______________ plant
Proteins, carbohydrates,
water, waste
plant
Huge in __________cells ,
small in _____________ cells,
Not in _________________
animal
bacteria

65. CHLOROPLASTS Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose)
Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose)

66. CHLOROPLASTS Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane
Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane
Thylakoid membrane sacs contain enzymes for photosynthesis
Contains own DNA

67. CHLOROPLAST DOUBLE Surrounded by ____________ membrane
Has own ________
_____________ =membrane sacs inside
Contain CHLOROPHYLL where
_______________________ happens
FOUND ONLY IN _____________ CELLS
DNA
THYLAKOIDS
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
PLANT

68. Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Section 7-2
Nuclear
envelope
Ribosome
(attached)
(free)
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Cell wall
Cell
Membrane
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Plant Cell

69. WHAT’S DIFFERENT ABOUT BACTERIAL CELLS?
Cell wall
NO NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
DNA is circular
No membrane bound organelles
See video

70. BACTERIA have a CELL WALL BUT…
IT’S MADE OF DIFFERENT MOLECULES than plant cell walls!
_______________ NOT CELLULOSE!
More on this in Chapter 18!
Image from:
PEPTIDOGLYCAN

71. WHICH IS BIGGER? _________ > _____________ > ___________
Plant cell
Animal cell
bacteria
_________ > _____________ > ___________

72. DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL CELLS, PLANT CELLS, AND BACTERIA ANIMAL CELL
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Cell membrane
Nuclear membrane
NO nuclear membrane
NO cell wall
Cell wall made of CELLULOSE
Cell wall made of PEPTIDOGLYCAN
Has ribosomes
DNA in multiple chromosomes
DNA in multiple chromosomes
DNA is a single circular ring
CYTOSKELETON
Small vacuoles
Really big vacuole
NO vacuoles
Has lysosomes
NO lysosomes
Has centrioles
NO centrioles
NO chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
SMALLER
SMALL
SMALLEST

73. BACTERIA are PROKARYOTES PLANTS & ANIMALS are EUKARYOTES
No membrane
bound organelles
Organelles with membranes
BACTERIA are PROKARYOTES
PLANTS & ANIMALS
are EUKARYOTES

74. USE WORDS FROM THE WORD BANKS TO COMPLETE THE VENN DIAGRAM COMPARISON

75. SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things
9-12.L Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells.
Transport
cell membranes, homeostasis
Photosynthesis and respiration
ATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymes Mitochondria Chloroplasts

76. Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things
9-12.L Students are able to classify organisms using characteristics and evolutionary relationships of major taxa.
Kingdoms
Examples: animals, plants, fungi, protista, monera

77. Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors
High school students performing at the
ADVANCED level:
predict the function of a given structure;
predict how homeostasis is maintained within living systems;
PROFICIENT level:
describe and give examples of chemical reactions required to sustain life (…role of enzymes)
describe the relationship between structure and function
explain how homeostasis is maintained within living systems;
BASIC level
name chemical reactions required to sustain life (… role of enzymes)
recognize that different structures perform different functions
identify DNA as the structure that carries the genetic code
define homeostasis;

78. SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things
9-12.L Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells.
Transport
cell membranes, homeostasis
Photosynthesis and respiration
ATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymes Mitochondria Chloroplasts