PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Shier w Butler w Lewis Chapter 8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System Articulations Functional junctions between bones Bind parts of skeletal system together Make bone growth possible Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle contraction
Classification of Joints By degree of movement: synarthrotic - immovable amphiarthrotic - slightly movable diarthrotic - freely movable
Classification of Joints By Structure: Fibrous Joints dense connective tissues connect bones between bones in close contact Cartilaginous Joints hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connect bone Synovial Joints most complex allow free movement
Fibrous Joints Syndesmosis a sheet of fibrous tissue amphiarthrotic 3 Types Syndesmosis Suture Gomphosis Syndesmosis a sheet of fibrous tissue amphiarthrotic Ex: between tibia and fibula
Fibrous Joints Suture between flat bones synarthrotic found in Skull Gomphosis cone-shaped bony process in a socket synarthrotic Ex: tooth in jawbone
Cartilaginous Joints 2 Types Synchondrosis Symphysis Synchondrosis bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones Synarthrotic Ex: at epiphyseal plate (temporary) & between manubrium and first rib
Cartilaginous Joints Symphysis pad of fibrocartilage between bones amphiarthrotic Ex: pubis symphysis & between vertebrae
Synovial Joints includes most joints diarthrotic
Synovial Joints parts include joint capsule joint cavity synovial membrane synovial fluid articular cartilage some also have bursae menisci Ligaments – collagenous fibers that reinforce joint capsule
Surgical Removal Of Torn Meniscus
Types of Synovial Joints Ball-and-Socket Joint Widest range of motion Ex: hip & shoulder Condyloid Joint motion in different planes but no rotation Ex. between metacarpals and phalanges
Types of Synovial Joints Gliding Joint Sliding & twisting Ex: between carpals & tarsals Hinge Joint Flexion & extension Ex: elbow & between phalanges
Types of Synovial Joints Pivot Joint rotation between proximal ends of radius and ulna Saddle Joint 2 plane movements between carpal & metacarpal of thumb
Types of Joint Movements abduction/adduction – to/away from midline dorsiflexion/plantarflexion – bending foot up/down flexion/extension/hyperextension - increase/decrease angle between bones
Types of Joint Movements supination/pronation – palm in anatomical position vs. palm toward back
Types of Joint Movements elevation/depression – raising/lowering
Cleidocranial Dysplasia
Clinical Application Sprains damage to cartilage, ligaments, or tendons associated with joints forceful twisting of joint Bursitis inflammation of a bursa overuse of a joint Arthritis inflamed, swollen, painful joints Rheumatoid Arthritis Osteoarthritis Gout
Life-Span Changes Joint stiffness is an early sign of aging Changes in symphysis joints of vertebral column diminish flexibility and decrease height Synovial joints lose elasticity Disuse hampers the blood supply Activity and exercise can keep joints functional longer