1. PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany
Hole’s Human
Anatomy and Physiology
Tenth Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter 8
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
8-1

2. Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Hematoma formation
Torn blood vessels hemorrhage
A mass of clotted blood (hematoma) forms at the fracture site
Site becomes swollen, painful, and inflamed
Figure

3. Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
Granulation tissue (soft callus) forms a few days after the fracture
Capillaries grow into the tissue and phagocytic cells begin cleaning debris
Figure

4. Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Bony callus formation
New bone trabeculae appear in the fibrocartilaginous callus
Fibrocartilaginous callus converts into a bony (hard) callus
Bone callus begins 3-4 weeks after injury, and continues until firm union is formed 2-3 months later
Figure

5. Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Bone remodeling
Excess material on the bone shaft exterior and in the medullary canal is removed
Compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls
Figure

6. Joints of the Skeletal System
Articulations
Junctions between bones
Bind parts of skeletal system together
Make bone growth possible
Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth
Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle contraction
8-2

7. Classification of Joints
Fibrous Joints
dense connective tissues connect bones
between bones in close contact
synarthrotic
immovable
amphiarthrotic
slightly movable
diarthrotic
freely movable
Cartilaginous Joints
hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connect bones
Synovial Joints
most complex
allow free movement
8-3

8. The joints between the bodies of the vertebrae of the backbone are best described as
immovable.
slightly movable.
freely movable.
synovial.

9. Fibrous Joints 3 Types Syndesmosis Suture Gomphosis Syndesmosis
long fibers connect bones
amphiarthrotic
distal ends of tibia and fibula
8-4

10. Fibrous Joints Suture between flat bones synarthrotic
thin layer of connective tissue connects bones
Gomphosis
cone-shaped bony process in a socket
tooth in jawbone
synarthrotic
8-5

11. A gomphosis is an example of a(n)
fibrous joint.
cartilagenous joint.
synovial joint.
ball-and-socket joint.

12. A suture is an example of a(n)
fibrous joint.
cartilagenous joint.
synovial joint.
none of the above

13. Cartilaginous Joints 2 Types Synchondrosis Symphysis Synchondrosis
bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones
epiphyseal plate (temporary)
between manubrium and first rib
synarthrotic
8-6

14. Cartilaginous Joints Symphysis pad of fibrocartilage between bones
pubis symphysis
joint between bodies of vertebrae
amphiarthrotic
8-7

15. Cartilagenous joints are connected by
synovial fluid.
fibrous connective tissue.
hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
a joint capsule.

16. Synovial Joints: General Structure
Synovial joints all have the following
Articular cartilage
Joint (synovial) cavity
Articular capsule
Synovial fluid
Reinforcing ligaments

17. Synovial Joints diarthrotic joint cavity synovial fluid joint capsule
synovial membrane
bursae
8-8

18. Synovial Joints: General Structure
Figure 8.3a, b

19. Sprain: injury to ligament
Strain: injury to muscle or tendon

20. Synovial Joints: Friction-Reducing Structures
Bursae – flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes and containing synovial fluid
Common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
Tendon sheath – elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon

21. Synovial Joints: Friction-Reducing Structures
Figure 8.4

22. Synovial Joints: Stability
Stability is determined by:
Articular surfaces – shape determines what movements are possible
Ligaments – unite bones and prevent excessive or undesirable motion
Muscle tone:
Muscle tendons across joints acting as stabilizing factors
Tendons that are kept tight at all times by muscle tone

23. Types of Synovial Joints
Ball-and-Socket Joint
hip
shoulder
Condyloid Joint
between metacarpals and phalanges
8-9

24. 6. Ball-and-Socket Joints
A spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with a cuplike socket of another
Multiaxial joints permit the most freely moving synovial joints
Examples: shoulder and hip joints

25. Synovial Joints: Shoulder Stability
Rotator cuff (four tendons) that encircles the shoulder joint and blends with the articular capsule
Figure 8.10a

26. 4. Condyloid, or Ellipsoidal, Joints
Oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression in another
Both articular surfaces are oval
Biaxial joints permit all angular motions
Examples: radiocarpal (wrist) joints, and metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints

27. Which of the following allows the most possible movements?
condyloid joint
hinge joint
ball-and-socket joint
pivot joint

28. Types of Synovial Joints
Gliding Joint
between carpals
between tarsals
Hinge Joint
elbow
between phalanges
8-10

29. Types of Synovial Joints
1. Plane joints
Articular surfaces are essentially flat
Allow only slipping or gliding movements
Only examples of nonaxial joints
Figure 8.7a

30. Types of Synovial Joints (continue)
2. Hinge joints
Cylindrical projections of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another
Motion is along a single plane
Uniaxial joints permit flexion and extension only
Examples: elbow and interphalangeal joints

31. Synovial Joints: Knee – Other Supporting Structures
Figure 8.8b

32. Types of Synovial Joints
Pivot Joint
between proximal ends of radius and ulna
Saddle Joint
between carpal and metacarpal of thumb
8-11

33. 3. Pivot Joints
Rounded end of one bone protrudes into a “sleeve,” or ring, composed of bone (and possibly ligaments) of another
Only uniaxial movement allowed
Examples: joint between the axis and the dens, and the proximal radioulnar joint

34. 5. Saddle Joints
Similar to condyloid joints but allow greater movement
Each articular surface has both a concave and a convex surface
Example: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

35. Which of the following is not a synovial joint?
Condyloid
ball-and-socket
Saddle
symphysis pubis

36. A synovial membrane surrounds the synovial cavity.
secretes synovial fluid.
stores adipose tissue.
all of the above

37. Bones of a synovial joint are held together by
a synovial membrane.
a joint capsule.
a meniscus.
a bursa.

38. Fluid-filled sacs found between the skin and underlying bony prominences are called
ligaments.
menisci.
bursae.
none of the above

39. Types of Joint Movements
abduction/adduction
dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
flexion/extension/hyperextension
8-12

40. Types of Joint Movements
rotation/circumduction
supination/pronation
8-13

41. In which of the following is rotational movement possible?
ball-and-socket joint
Condyloid joint
hinge joint
all of the above

42. The rotator cuff of the shoulder is composed mainly of
muscle fibers.
articular cartilage.
epithelium and loose connective tissue.
tendons and fibrous connective tissue.

43. Types of Joint Movements
eversion/inversion
protraction/retraction
elevation/depression
8-14

44. A muscle end attached to a relatively immovable part is called the
symphysis.
articulation.
origin.
insertion.

45. Shoulder Joint ball-and-socket head of humerus
glenoid cavity of scapula
loose joint capsule
bursae
ligaments prevent displacement
very wide range of movement
8-15

46. Shoulder Joint
8-16

47. Elbow Joint hinge joint gliding joint flexion and extension
trochlea of humerus
trochlear notch of ulna
gliding joint
capitulum of humerus
head of radius
flexion and extension
many reinforcing ligaments
stable joint
8-17

48. Elbow Joint
8-18

49. Hip Joint ball-and-socket joint head of femur acetabulum
heavy joint capsule
many reinforcing ligaments
less freedom of movement than shoulder joint
8-19

50. Hip Joint
8-20

51. Which of the following movements could occur at the hip joint?
Extension
Adduction
Rotation
all of the above

52. Knee Joint largest joint most complex
medial and lateral condyles of distal end of femur
medial and lateral condyles of proximal end of tibia
femur articulates anteriorly with patella
modified hinge joint
flexion/extension/little rotation
strengthened by many ligaments and tendons
menisci separate femur and tibia
bursae
8-21

53. The largest and most complex synovial joint is the
hip joint.
knee joint.
elbow joint.
shoulder joint.

54. Knee Joint
8-22

55. Fibrocartilage disks that divide the joint into two compartments are called
menisci.
bursae.
capsules.
ligaments.

56. Life-Span Changes Joint stiffness is an early sign of aging
Regular exercise can prevent stiffness
Fibrous joints first to strengthen over a lifetime
Changes in symphysis joints of vertebral column diminish flexibility and decrease height
Synovial joints lose elasticity
8-23

57. Osteoarthritis may develop as a result of mechanical stress on the
subchondral plate.
diaphysis.
epiphyseal disk.
periosteum.

58. Clinical Application Joint Disorders Sprains
damage to cartilage, ligaments, or tendons associated with joints
forceful twisting of joint
Bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
overuse of a joint
Arthritis
inflamed, swollen, painful joints
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Gout
8-24

59. damage to articular cartilage and invasion by fibrous tissue.
Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by a sequence of degenerative changes that can be described as
the synovial membrane becomes inflamed and grows thicker, forming a mass called pannus.
damage to articular cartilage and invasion by fibrous tissue.
fibrous tissues become ossified and bones fuse together (bony ankylosis).
all of the above

60. bursitis. sprain. dislocation. ankylosis.
When the articulating bones of a joint have been displaced and the joint is clearly deformed, the condition is called
bursitis.
sprain.
dislocation.
ankylosis.

61. Arthroscopy is a procedure used to examine the
heart.
lungs.
digestive organs.
none of the above