1. Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System
Articulations
Functional junctions between bones
Bind parts of skeletal system together
Make bone growth possible
Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth
Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle contraction

2. Classification of Joints
Fibrous Joints
dense connective tissues connect bones
between bones in close contact
Cartilaginous Joints
hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connect bones
Synovial Joints
most complex
allow free movement

3. Classification of Joints
Synarthrotic (Synarthroses)
immovable
Processes are interlocked
Between skull bones
Amphiarthrotic (amphiarthroses)
slightly movable
Pubis Symphysis
Diarthrotic (diarthroses)
freely movable
Most joints in body

4. Fibrous Joints Suture Gomphosis Syndesmosis 3 Types Syndesmosis
a sheet or bundle of fibrous tissue connects bones
amphiarthrotic
lies between tibia and fibula

5. Fibrous Joints Suture Gomphosis between flat bones synarthrotic
thin layer of connective tissue connects bones
Gomphosis
cone-shaped bony process in a socket
tooth in jawbone
synarthrotic

6. Cartilaginous Joints Symphysis Synchondrosis 2 Types Synchondrosis
bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones
epiphyseal plate (temporary)
between manubrium and first rib
synarthrotic

7. Cartilaginous Joints Symphysis pad of fibrocartilage between bones
pubis symphysis
joint between bodies of adjacent vertebrae
amphiarthrotic

8. Synovial Joints Diarthrotic
End of long bone covered in hyaline cartilage
Joint cavity
filled with Synovial fluid
Reduces friction
Synovial membrane
Joint capsule
Fibrous tissue
Bursae

9. Types of Synovial Joints
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Angular movement in all directions
Rounded head of one bone lies in a cup like cavity of another
Hip
Shoulder

10. Types of Synovial Joints
Condyloid Joint
Allow movement in 2 directions
Oval-shape condyle of one bone fits into a cavity or fossa of the other
Capable of circumduction, flexion, abduction and adduction
Between metacarpals and phalanges

11. Types of Synovial Joints
Gliding Joint
Ends of bones glide over each other
Articular surfaces are almost flat
between carpals
between tarsals

12. Types of Synovial Joints
Hinge Joint
Allow angular motion in ONE direction
Convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of the other
Allows for flexion, extension, and sometimes hyperextension
elbow, knee
between phalanges

13. Types of Synovial Joints
Pivot Joint
Pointed process of one bone turns within a ring formed
Partly by another bone and partly by a ligament
Allows for rotation
atlas and axis

14. Types of Synovial Joints
Saddle Joint
Allow movement in 2 directions
between trapezium and metacarpal of thumb

15. Types of Joint Movements
Abduction
drawn away from the midline of the body
Adduction
bring toward the midline of the body

16. Types of Joint Movements
Dorsiflexion
Flexing your foot
Plantarflexion
Pointing your toes

17. Types of Joint Movements
Flexion
Decrease in the angle between the bones
Extension
Angle is increased
Hyperextension
Over-extending joint beyond healthy range

18. Types of Joint Movements
Supination
turns the palm anterior
Pronation
turns the palm posterior

19. Types of Joint Movements
Rotation
Bone moves around a central axis
Circumduction
The distal end of a bone moves around a circle while the proximal end remains stationary
The bone outlines a cone in the air

20. Types of Joint Movements
Eversion
sole of the foot turns away from the midline
Inversion
sole of the foot turns toward the midline

21. Types of Joint Movements
Protraction
moves forward on a plane parallel to the ground
Retraction
move backward

22. Types of Joint Movements
Elevation
Raising the shoulders
Depression
Lowering the shoulders

23. Shoulder Joint ball-and-socket head of humerus
glenoid cavity of scapula
loose joint capsule
bursae
ligaments prevent displacement
very wide range of movement

24. Shoulder Joint

25. Elbow Joint hinge joint gliding joint flexion and extension
trochlea of humerus
trochlear notch of ulna
gliding joint
capitulum of humerus
head of radius
flexion and extension
many reinforcing ligaments
stable joint

26. Elbow Joint

27. Hip Joint ball-and-socket joint head of femur acetabulum of coxa
heavy joint capsule
many reinforcing ligaments
less freedom of movement than shoulder joint

28. Hip Joint

29. Knee Joint largest joint most complex
medial and lateral condyles of distal end of femur
medial and lateral condyles of proximal end of tibia
femur articulates anteriorly with patella
modified hinge joint
flexion/extension/little rotation
strengthened by many ligaments and tendons
menisci separate femur and tibia
bursae

30. Knee Joint

31. Knee Joint Patellar ligament Popliteal ligaments
Central portion of insertion for the quadriceps muscles
Strengthens anterior surface
Popliteal ligaments
Criss-cross ligaments on the posterior surface
Medial (tibial) collateral
provides lateral support and is easily injured
Lateral (fibular) collateral

32. Knee Joint Intra articular ligaments Meniscus Bursae
Posterior cruciate
keeps tibia from sliding backward (back part of X)
Anterior cruciate
keeps tibia from sliding forward (anterior part of X)
Meniscus
fibrocartilage that may tear and the loose parts may impede movement
Bursae
sac of synovial fluid found at the friction points of your body

33. Knee Joint Clinical Application Terrible triad Causes Treatment
Tear in the medial collateral, anterior cruciate and medial meniscus
Causes
sports or accidents
Treatment
surgery with intense rehabilitation

34. Clinical Application Sprains
Joint Disorders
Sprains
damage to cartilage, ligaments, or tendons associated with joints
forceful twisting of joint
Bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
overuse of a joint

35. Clinical Application Rheumatoid Arthritis Arthritis
inflamed, swollen, painful joints
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Autoimmune disease
body attacks its own tissue--cartilage and joint linings
inflammation of the synovial membrane
Treatments aimed to reduce pain and inflammation while preserving strength and mobility (rest, aspirin, steroids, exercise, etc.)
bilateral
small joints 1st

36. Clinical Application Osteoarthritis More common and less damaging
Deterioration of articular cartilage and formation of bone in the joint (bone spurs)
Non-inflammatory, progressive disorder
Bone spurs decrease articular cavity and restrict movement
Affects large weight-bearing joints
Results from combination of age, irritation of the joint, and normal wear and tear
Treatments are similar to Rheumatoid Arthritis

37. Clinical Application Gouty Arthritis
Body produces excess amounts and/or is not able to excrete normal amounts of uric acid
waste produced when nucleic acid is metabolized
Excess uric acid reacts with sodium to form a salt called sodium urate
Sodium urate crystals are deposited into soft tissues (articular kidneys, ears)

38. Clinical Application Gouty Arthritis
Crystals irritate and wear down the cartilage eventually destroying all joint and wearing down bones
If not treated bones might fuse and become immovable
Affects primarily middle to older males
Treatment can be successful (other two types cannot be fully treated) by controlling the uric acid production