Classification of Plants 7th Life Science Mrs. Kim Lawson
Taxonomy The science of identifying and classifying plants
Carolus Linneaus binomial nomenclature two-name scientific name for all living organisms
Scientific Names Latin is the language used for scientific classification because it is a “dead language” The first word is the genus and the second word is the species. If there are additional words, they indicate a variety of that plant
Genus vs. Species Plants in the same genus have similar characteristics Example “Quercus” is the genus name for all oak trees: Quercus alba – white oak Quercus rubra – red oak Quercus stellata – post oak Quercus prinus – chestnut oak Plants in the same species consistently produce plants of the same type
A SPECIES is defined as… A group of similar-looking organisms that can interbreed under natural conditions and produce offspring that are capable of reproduction
Scientific Classification After Domain, the broadest category of scientific classification is the Kingdom: Plant Animal Protista Fungi Eubacteria Archaebacteria
The broadest category in the Plant Kingdom is the Phyla, but for PLANTS, is called a DIVISION Eukarya Domain Then 4 Divisions: mosses, ferns, conifers and flowering plants
4 Plant Divisions The four most important divisions of the plant (Plantae) Kingdom are: Mosses (also includes hornworts and liverworts) Ferns Conifers Flowering plants
Mosses (Liverworts, hornworts)
Seedless, Nonvascular Plants Live in moist environments Liverworts Hornworts Mosses
FERNS This is a “fiddlehead” These dots are “spores”
Seed producing, Vascular Plants 1) Seed plants don’t depend on water to reproduce Pollen (contains sperm) combines with egg Egg hardens into a seed 2) Nourishment and protection Nourish: Nutrients inside seed for the embryo Protection: Hard shell 3) Allow dispersal Carried by wind, water, animals 2 types: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Seed producing, Vascular Plants Type 1 - Gymnosperms Seeds not enclosed in a fruit produced inside cones Cone = reproductive structure Male cones: produce pollen Female cones: produce eggs and seeds
Gymnosperms
Seed producing Vascular Plants Gymosperm example: Conifers Cone plants Needle-like leaves Common to lumber industry Evergreen, Pine, Redwood, Cedar
Seed producing Vascular Plants Type 2 Angiosperms (flowering plants) Flower = reproductive structure Protects gamete and fertilized eggs Seeds enclosed in a fruit Fruit: Plant ovary Often attract animals to disperse the seeds inside
Fruit Production Fruit seeds in fox droppings In the seed Embryo Food supply Surrounding ovary grows into a fruit Fruit attracts animals to eat and spread the seeds Fruit seeds in fox droppings
Angiosperm types (flowering plants) 2 groups: Monocots and Dicots (based on seed type) Monocots: embryo with 1 seed leaf Dicots: embryo with 2 seed leaves
A cotyledon is the embryonic leaf /kot ə lee dun/ Peanut seeds (dicot) cut in half showing the embryos with cotyledons and early root.
A seedling of Pinus halepensis (Aleppo pine) with eight cotyledons
and dicot plant (right) Comparison of a monocot and dicot sprouting: The visible part of the monocot plant (left) is actually the first true leaf and dicot plant (right)
Angiosperm Life Spans Three Life Span Types: Annuals 1 year: Mature…produce seeds…die Biennials 1st year: produces short stem, low growth leaves, food reserves 2nd year: taller stem, leaves, flowers, seeds Perennials Live for more than 2 years
Annuals 1 year: Mature… produce seeds… Die.
Biennials 1st year: produces short stem, low growth leaves, food reserves 2nd year: taller stem, leaves, flowers, seeds
Perennials Live for more than 2 years….
Flowers Reproductive structure of flowering plants Sepals outer ring of leaves protection Petals Inner ring of leaves Brightly colored to attract pollinators Open petals & sepals reveal male and female structures
Flowers Female Carpel/Pistil Inner most part Ovary: within the base Style: long stalk Stigma: sticky tip, collects pollen Male Stamen Surrounds pistil Filaments: long stalks Anther: produces pollen