1. Kingdom: PLANTAE (PLANTS)
CHAPTER 21-23
Kingdom: PLANTAE (PLANTS)

2. Plant Evolution:
The early ancestors of plants had to develop adaptations that allowed them to survive out of the water.
Some of the adaptations:
1.Cuticle- Helps prevent the evaporation of water from plant tissues & acts as a barrier to invading microorganisms
(Shinier appear and feels waxy)

3. Plant adaptations to life on land:
2. Stomata: Small openings through which carbon dioxide, water, oxygen, and other gases pass
Openings in the
outer cell layer of
leaves and some
stems

4. Plant adaptations to life on land:
3. TISSUES:
Vascular tissue enables faster movement of substances than by osmosis and diffusion, and over greater distances. These plants grow larger than nonvascular plants
Nonvascular plants: move substances by way of osmosis and diffusion (much slower)

5. Reproductive Strategies:
Seeds: a plant structure that contains an embryo, contains nutrients for the embryo, and is covered with a protective coat
seeds can survive
harsh conditions
and then sprout
when favorable
conditions exist.

6. One method to classify Plants is: Vascular & Nonvascular
PG. 608

7. The Plant phylum All end in - PHYTA or PHYTES 3 groups:
1. Nonvascular plants: Bryophytes Anthocerophytes, & Hepaticophytes
Examples: mosses, liverworts, hornworts

8. The Plant phylum 2. Seedless Vascular Plants: Lycophytes, Pterophytes
Examples: Club mosses and Ferns
3. Seed-producing Vascular Plants: Coniferophytes (pine trees), Anthophytes (Flowering plants)
Do not require water to for reproduction. Have the greatest variety of plants and are the more advanced plants on the evolutionary scale

9. Nonvascular Plants: Are generally small in size
Water and nutrients travel through the plant by way of osmosis and diffusion. This is a slower process so they cannot grow large in size & they generally need to be in damp shady areas.
Examples: Mosses, Liverworts, and hornworts

10. Nonvascular Plants:
Most primitive of land plants- Liverworts

11. Vascular Plants: Are divided into Seedless and Vascular Seed Plants
Seedless Vascular plants (more primative) EX: ferns

12. Vascular Seed Plants
These are the most widely distributed plants on Earth
They produce seeds.
Seeds can have one or more COTYLEDONS- structures that store food or help the baby plant (sporophyte) obtain food
1 cotyledon – called a MONOCOT
2 or more cotyledons – called a DICOT

13. Vascular Seed Plants….
Plants whose seeds are a part of fruit are called: ANGIOSPERMS
Plants whose seeds are not part of fruit are called: GYMNOSPERMS (means naked seed)
Seed Dispersal:
A variety of adaptations for the dispersal or scattering of their seeds throughout their environment- use wind, animals, water and insects to disperse the seeds produced

14. Gymnosperms: Produce Seed Cones
Gymnosperms evolved before plants with flowers
Cones contain male or female reproductive structures of cycads and other gymnosperm plants.
Examples: Pine Trees (conifers)

15. Angiosperms: Plants that have seeds that are part of a Flower
Are in the phylum Anthophyta:
Most widely distributed. Evolved after gymnosperms and now make up 75% of the plant kingdom
Are further divided into two groups:
1. Monocot – 1 cotyledon in the seed
2. Dicot – 2 cotyledons or more. Are also

16. Angiosperms:
Annuals- the plant completes its life span in one growing season. Examples: many gardern plants and most weeds
Biennial – the plants completes it’s life cycle in 2 years. The first year it produces strong roots and leaves and the second year it grows again and also produces flowers (reproductive structure) that then it dies. Examples: carrots, beets, turnips
Perennial – plant can survive several yrs & usually reproduces yrly. Ex. roses, fruit trees

17. VASCULAR TISSUES: 1. XYLEM: Transports substances away from the roots
CHAPTER 22
1. XYLEM: Transports substances away from the roots
Composed of specialized cells called vessel elements and tracheids

18. VASCULAR TISSUES:
2. PHLOEM: Transports dissolved sugars and other organic compounds throughout the plant

19. LEAVES:
Tightly packed cells directly below a leaf’s upper epidermis contain many chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis.
Water evaporates from the inside of a leaf to the outside through a stomata
Many different leave types:

20. Conifer Reproduction and Life Cycle
Conifers (pine trees) are heterosporus: they produce both male and female spores pg. 667

21. POLLINATION:
Pollination occurs when the pollen grain from one species of a plant lands on the female reproductive structure of a plant of the same species.
Flowers are the reproductive structures of anthophytes (angiosperms)

22. Pollination Mechanisms:
1. Animal pollination
2. Wind pollination
3. Self pollination

23. Flower parts:
There are basically four structures— sepals, petals, stamen, and pistils.
Most flowers have several stamen— the male reproductive organ— surrounding the central part of the flower.
The female reproductive organ is the pistil

24. PISTIL STAMEN POLLEN STIGMA STYLE ANTHER OVARY OVULES FILAMENT PETAL
SEPAL

25. Germination:
When the embryo in a seed starts to grow, the process is called germination.
The cotyledons will provide nourishment for the seedling until photosynthesis begins

26. What are some plant seeds that we eat?
Peanuts, walnuts, almonds, etc
Yummy Lima beans….. and all other beans
Apples, bananas, pears, strawberries, etc.
Wheat, oatmeal, rice

28. Q