2. Type 2: Angiosperms largest phylum in the plant kingdom Aka: flowering plants.

3. Unique adaptations allow for dominating today’s world. Flowers allow for efficient pollination. – animals feed on pollen or nectar – pollen is spread from plant to plant in process

4. Fruit allows for efficient seed dispersal. – Fruit is flower’s ripened ovary – Surrounds and protects seed(s) –Inside the seed is a plant embryo and endosperm (food for the embryo) – Many forms, but each function in seed dispersal Fruit seeds in fox droppings

5. Botanists classify flowering plants into two groups based on seed type. Based on the number of cotyledons, which is an embryonic “seed leaf” (1 st sprout) Monocots have a single seed leaf. – leaf veins usually parallel – flower parts usually in multiples of 3 – bundles of vascular tissue scattered in stem

6. Dicots have two seed leaves. –leaf veins usually netlike –flower parts usually in multiples of 4 or 5 –bundles of vascular tissue in rings in stem

7. Monocots vs. Dicots

8. Flowering plants are also categorized by stem type and lifespan. Stem type can be woody or herbaceous. – Wood is a fibrous material made up of dead cells. – Wood has high concentrations of lignin and cellulose. – Woody stems are stiff. Oak –Herbaceous plants do not produce wood. Iris

9. There are three types of plant life spans. –Annuals mature from seed, flower, and die in one year. Wheat –Biennials take two years to compete life cycle. Foxglove –Perennials live more than two years. Big bluestem

10. Flowers Reproductive structure of flowering plants Sepals –o–outer ring of leaves –p–protection Petals –I–Inner ring of leaves –B–Brightly colored to attract pollinators Open petals & sepals reveal male and female structures

11. Female Carpel –I–Inner most part –O–Ovary: within the base (female gametophyte) –S–Style: long stalk –S–Stigma: sticky tip, collects pollen Male Stamen –S–Surrounds carpel –F–Filaments: long stalks –A–Anther: produces pollen (male gametophyte)

12. Wind pollinated flowers- small flowers and large amounts of pollen. Animal pollinated flowers- larger flowers and less pollen (more efficient). Pollination: when pollen grains land on stigma

13. Fertilization takes place within the flower. Male gametophytes, or pollen grains, are produced in the anthers. –male spores produced in anthers by meiosis –each spore divides by mitosis to form two haploid cells –these two cells form a single pollen grain pollen grain anther stamen

14. 1. Pollen stick to animal or released into wind

15. Animal finds a new flower to feed on

16. 2. Pollination occurs (pollen lands on stigma) 3. Remember: Each pollen grain has to haploid cells 1 haploid cell forms a pollen tube 1 haploid cell divides to form 2 sperm, which slide down the pollen tube to the ovule.

17. 4. Flowering plants go through the process of double fertilization. female gametophyte ovule egg sperm polar nuclei 1 sperm fuse with the polar nuclei = triploid (3n) endosperm 1 sperm fuse with the egg = zygote Double Fertilization

18. endosperm seed coat embryo Endosperm provides food supply for embryo 5. Each ovule becomes a seed. 6. The surrounding ovary grows into a fruit.

19. 7. Flower dries up and fruit falls to ground.

20. 8. Animals eat fruit….seeds come out the other end…

21. 9. Seeds get dispersed 10. Seed germinates,(sporophyte) and the cycle starts over ground

22. Plant Life Cycle Comparisons Plant typeSporophyteGametophyteDominant? MossStalk with cup (capsule) at tip, which is where spores are produced. More familiar, carpet-like plant that produces specialized gametes GAMETOPHYTE FernMore familiar, leafy plant with clusters of spore producing sacs (sori) Haploid plant body (prothallus) is size of a finger nail, produces both male and female parts SPOROPHYTE Conifer ( gymnosperm ) More familiar- like pine trees, produces male and female cones that produce spores Pollen grains are male gametophytes  sperm, female gameotphytes are microscopic  eggs SPOROPHYTE Flower ( angiosperm ) More familiar- apple tree, peach tree, zucchini, berries, etc. Contain flowers that produce male and female spores Pollen grains are male gametophytes  2 haploid cells = pollen tube + sperm, Female gametophyte in ovule  egg + 2 polar nuclei SPOROPHYTE 22.2 Flower Life Cycle

23. End of the Semester!