Introduction Anatomy
The basic functions of organisms Organization Responsiveness Growth and differentiation Reproduction Movement Metabolism and excretion
The Specialties of Anatomy Anatomy can be divided into gross and microscopic: Forms of Gross Anatomy Surface anatomy – study of superficial marking Regional anatomy – study of specific area Systemic anatomy – study of system Developmental anatomy – study changes from conception to physical maturity. Microscopic anatomy includes two major subdivisions Cytology – study of cell Histology – study of tissue
The Specialties of Physiology Physiology is the study of the normal function of cell, tissue, organs, systems and organisms Physiology can be divided into the following specialties: Cell physiology – study of cell Special physiology - study of specific organ Systemic physiology – study of system Pathological physiology – study of the effect of disease on cell, tissue, organ and system.
Levels of Organization
Levels of Organization
An Introduction to the Organ Systems Integumentary system Nervous system Skeletal system Endocrine system Muscular system Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system Urinary system Respiratory system Digestive system Reproductive system
Two general points within homeostasis Homeostasis is a stable internal environment Every organism must maintain homeostasis for survival Homeostatic regulation is responsible for keeping internal environment within certain limits. Two general points within homeostasis Autoregulation or intrinsic regulation – results when cell, organ or system adjusts its activity automatically. Extrinsic regulation - results from activity of nervous system or endocrine system
Homeostatic regulation involves A homeostatic regulatory mechanism consist of : A receptor – senses an environmental change or stimuli. A control center –processes information supplied by receptor and generates a response (command) An effector – an organ or cell that responds to the command of control center. A variation outside the desired range triggers an automatic response to correct the situation Negative feedback
Negative Feedback: The Control of Body Temperature
Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting In positive feedback an initial stimulus produces a response that enhances the change in the original condition. For instance: Damage to blood vessel wall will cause release of chemicals. Chemicals will trigger blood clotting Clotting process increases release of chemicals More chemicals means accelerated clotting Accelerated clotting means more chemicals
Body Cavities Body cavities are internal chambers holding vital organs Cavities protect vital organs Cavities allow organs to change in shape and size Two body cavities Dorsal body cavity includes the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity Ventral body cavity includes the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity
Body Cavities
Thoracic Cavities The thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs. The thoracic cavity is subdivided into: Left and right pleural cavities (each pleural cavity contains one lung) lined by the visceral and parietal pleura The mediastinum contains the pericardium (pericardial cavity), another serous membrane that surrounds the heart Animation: Heart Dissection (see tutorial)
Abdominopelvic Cavity The abdominopelvic cavity is lined by the peritoneum The abdominal cavity extends from the diaphragm to the superior margins of the pelvis liver, stomach, spleen and most of the large intestine
Abdominopelvic Cavity The pelvic cavity is bordered by the pelvis, with a floor of muscle reproductive organs, urinary bladder and the final portion of the large intestine Animation: Digestive System Dissection (see tutorial)