1. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 241
Study of the Human Body

2. Structure determines Function
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
ANATOMY
structure
how form & structure relate to each other
PHYSIOLOGY
how anatomy functions
Structure determines Function
complementarity of structure & function

3. WAYS TO STUDY ANATOMY Microscopic Cytology Histology Gross Surface
Study of cells
Histology
Study of tissues
Gross
Surface
Regional
Systemic
Developmental

4. Levels of Organization

5. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Chemical or Molecular
Atomsmolecules
Cellular
basic unit of structure and function in living things
makes up organelles
Tissue Level
cells of similar structure & function working together to perform a specific activity 4 basic types: connective, epithelial, muscle and nerve

6. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Organ Level
tissues working together to perform a specific activity
Examples - heart, brain, skin, etc.
Organ Systems Level groups of two or more tissues working together to perform a specific function 11 organ systems - circulatory, digestive, endocrine, urinary, immune(lymphatic), integumentary, muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory & skeletal
Organism Level entire living things that can carry out all basic life processes-usually made up of organ systems
An organism may be made of one cell

7. Basic Life Processes Organisms share 6 basic life processes
1. Metabolism
2. Responsiveness
3. Movement
4. Differentiation
5. Growth
6. Reproduction

8. Metabolism sum of all chemical processes that take place in the body
Catabolism
larger macromolecules are broken down into smaller subunits or monomers
Anabolism
larger macromolecules are formed from smaller submits.

9. Responsiveness
ability to detect & respond to changes

10. Movement

11. Differentiation
ability of cells to develop from an unspecialized cell into a specialized cell

12. Growth
a way to increase in size

13. Reproduction making a whole new organism
Cells able to divide and make new cells for
Growth
replacement

14. Homeostasis organ systems are interdependent share same environment
composition effects all inhabitants
internal environment must be kept stable
maintaining stable internal environments-homeostasis
dynamic equilibrium

15. Homeostasis varies around a Set Point average value for a variable
specific for each individual
determined by genetics
normal ranges for a species
temperature 36.7 – 37.2

16. HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION
Autoregulation
cells, tissues, organs adjust automatically to environmental changes
Extrinsic Regulation
Nervous System
Fast
Short lasting
Crisis management
Endocrine System
Longer to react
Longer lasting

17. Parts of Homeostatic Regulation
Receptor
sensitive to environmental change or stimuli
Control or Integration Center
receives & processes information supplied by receptor
determines set point
Effector
cell or organ which responds to commands of control center

18. HOMEOSTASIS

19. FEEDBACK LOOPS Negative Feedback Positive Feedback
output of system shuts off or reduces intensity of initiating stimulus
most often seen in the body
Positive Feedback
initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances its effect
blood clotting & child birth

20. Negative Feedback

21. Negative Feedback Loop