1. Lecture 1, Part 1: Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy – Greek for “a cutting open”
Study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among body parts
Physiology –
Study of how living organisms perform their vital functions

2. Anatomy & Physiology Physiology – Anatomy – Chemical knowledge:
Gross Anatomy (macroscopic anatomy) –
Microscopic Anatomy –
Cytology – internal structure of cells
Histology – tissues
Physiology –
Chemical knowledge:
Acids/Bases
Cations/Anions
ATP

3. Levels of Structural Organization
Chemical Level (Atoms and Molecules)
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
SIMPLEST
MOST COMPLEX
See pg. 7!!!

4. Levels of Structural Organization

5. Homeostasis Existence of a stable internal environment
All living organisms MUST maintain homeostasis
Failure to maintain homeostasis = illness or death
Autoregulation (intrinsic regulation) – cell, tissue, organ, organ system adjusts activities automatically
Happens “all the time”
Extrinsic regulation – results from activities of nervous or endocrine systems
Happens “when needed” triggered by outside influence

6. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Receptor – sensor sensitive to particular environmental change
Control center – receives and processes information supplied by receptor
Effector – cell or organ that responds to commands of control center
See pg. 11
Control Center
Effector
Receptor
Can you name the Receptor, Control Center and Effector in this simple thermostat diagram?

7. Feedback Loops Negative Feedback Loop Most homeostatic mechanisms
Example: Control of body temperature – thermoregulation
Control center: brain
Receptors: skin
Effectors: muscle tissue in walls of blood vessels supplying skin and sweat glands
See pg. 12

8. Feedback Loops Positive Feedback Loop
Initial stimulus produces response that exaggerates or enhances change in conditions
Produces extreme responses
Found when potentially dangerous/stressful process must be completed quickly
Example: Blood clotting
See pg. 14

9. THE END