1. Orientation Introduction
The Human Body
Orientation
Introduction

2. What is anatomy?
It is the study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationship to one another.

3. What is physiology?
It is the study of how the body and its parts work or function.

4. What are the 11 systems of the human body?
Integumentary system
Skeletal system
Muscular system
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Urinary system
Reproductive system

5. What are the levels of structural organization?
Chemical level – made up of atoms
Cellular level – made up of molecules
Tissue level – made up of similar groups of cells that have a common function
Organ level – made up of two or more tissue types to perform a specific function
System level – made up of a group of organs to accomplish a common purpose
Organismal level – made up of the 11 organ systems

6. What are the necessary life functions for maintaining life?
Maintaining boundaries - skin
Movement – walking, swimming, running
Responsiveness – sense changes or stimuli in the environment
Digestion – breaking down food into molecules
Metabolism – all chemical reactions that occur in the body cells
Excretion – removal wastes from body
Reproduction – production of offspring
Growth – increase in size

7. What are the survival needs?
Nutrients (food) – needed for energy and cell building
Oxygen – needed for release of energy from food
Water – needed for body secretions and excretions (60% to 80% of body weight)
Body temperature (37ºC or 98ºF)
Atmospheric pressure – needed for breathing and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs

8. What is homeostasis?
It is the body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions even though the outside environment is changing
Controlled by nervous and endocrine systems
example: control mechanism
Receptor – sensor responds to change
Control center – maintains the level or set point
Effector – response to stimulus

9. What is the language of anatomy?
Define the following directional terms:
Superior (cranial)
Inferior (caudal)
Anterior (ventral)
Posterior (dorsal)
Medial
Lateral
Intermediate
Proximal
Distal
Superficial
deep
Define the following body plane terms:
Median (midsagittal) plane
Frontal (coronal) plane
Transverse plane

10. What are the body cavities?
Dorsal body cavity
Cranial cavity – space inside the bony skull
Spinal cavity – from cranial cavity to the end of the vertebral column
Ventral body cavity
C. Thoracic cavity – separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by the diaphragm
D. Abdominopelvic cavity – inferior to thoracic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity

11. Body Planes Diagram

12. Body Directional Diagram

13. Body Plane Diagrams

14. Brain Directional Diagram

15. Skeletal Directional Diagrams