South Africa, HI177 | A History of Africa since 1800

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Presentation transcript:

South Africa, 1890-1960 HI177 | A History of Africa since 1800 Term 2 | Week 5 | Dr Sacha Hepburn

Southern Africa colonies, c. 1900

Diamonds and Gold Kimberley diamond diggings, 1867- £3M pa, 50% of Cape revenue, by 1890 18,000 black workers Cecil Rhodes & De Beers Cape legislation entrenched white dominance to secure black labour for mines and farms Witwatersrand gold mines, 1880s- Prospectors, profiteers, technicians Needed large capital (Randlords), and migrant labour 1899: 27% world gold, 100,000 workers 1913: 40% (£30M), 200,000 workers

The South African War Jameson Raid (1895) – Rhodes’ “capitalist politics” Transvaal Republic (Kruger) – uitlander versus Boer Imperial strategy – did Britain want to annex the Transvaal? War: 28,000 Boer civilians killed. 7000 Boers soldiers, 20,000 British 1910: Boer Republics and British colonies were joined in the Union of South Africa

The Development of Segregation 1913 Native Lands Act Pass Laws 1930-32: Native Economic Commission 1936 Native Trust and Land Act 1936: Native Representation Act Segregation in action

Nationalisms Afrikaner nationalism African nationalism Afrikaner nationhood and identity: white Africans Pioneer people who had tamed the landscape and cultivated in ‘empty lands’ Christian Nationalism National Party, founded in 1914 African nationalism African National Congress, founded in 1912 Alternative politics South African Indian Congress, founded in 1923 South African Communist Party, founded in 1921

1948: The Election National Party under Malan on the offensive, United Party under Smuts on the defensive Apartheid: ‘apartness’, ‘separateness’ built on years of racial populism relatively undefined in 1948 ‘Allowed Afrikaner nationalism to cohere as an election-winning force’ - Dubow Daniel François Malan

The Early Years of Apartheid How was apartheid different from earlier policies of racial segregation? ‘Positives’ of separate development – for all races (but particular appealing to Afrikaners) Social engineering rigidified Mixed Marriages Act, 1949; Immorality Act, 1950; Population Registration Act, 1950 Social and economic progress secured by race Political separation Suppression of Communism Act, 1950; Separate Representation of Voters Act, 1951 Structural inequality Group Areas Act, 1950; Black Laws Amendment Act, 1952

1956 Women’s March

Resistance to apartheid ANC, SAIC, SACD = Congress Alliance under ANC leadership Defiance campaign, 1952 Freedom Charter, 1955 The Treason Trial, 1956-61 Pan African Congress formed and joins Congress Alliance But, a splintered opposition Urban-rural divisions in ANC ANC members leave over non-racial policy of Freedom Charter PAC breaks from Congress over white and left influence

1960: Sharpeville

Sharpeville and beyond… PAC wanted deliberate, determined action against the government and apartheid March 1960: sponsors anti-pass campaign in Sharpeville Police repression: 69 killed, many more injured Protests lead to police repression ANC and PAC banned; exile; activists driven underground; move towards armed struggle ANC: from nationalist protest movement to a national liberation movement

Email: s.hepburn@warwick.ac.uk Office hours: Questions? Email: s.hepburn@warwick.ac.uk Office hours: Monday 3-4pm and Friday 11am-12pm H3.31, third floor Humanities