1. Decolonization

2. Decolonization
How might we compare/contrast the movements for freedom in India and South Africa?
How might we compare/contrast Gandhi and Mandela? And with other advocates for freedom?

3. Decolonization European Imperialism First wave: 15th to 17th centuries
Second wave (ca )
New players
Facilitated by Industrial Revolution
Focus: Asia, Africa
European expansion in the Americas

4. Decolonization

5. Decolonization

6. Indian Independence India before the Raj Long history
Considerable diversity
Caste system
Mughal Empire

7. Indian Independence The British Raj
Presence began with British East India Company
Great Mutiny of 1857  direct British rule
Promoted industrialization  economic profit
Coronation of George V and Mary, Delhi Durbar (1911)

8. Indian Independence Indian Nationalism
Foreign presence  Indian self-awareness
Indian National Congress (INC)
Established 1885 by Indian professionals, intellectuals
Agitated for greater share in government, later for independence
Growing discontent after WWI  alliance between Hindus, Muslim League
British repressed Indian “troublemakers”

9. Indian Independence Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) Hindu lawyer
Leader of nationalist forces
United all Indians in Congress movement
Strategy: collective, nonviolent resistance
His followers: “peace soldiers”

10. Indian Independence

11. Indian Independence

12. Indian Independence Independence Granted 1947
Hindu-Muslim relations deteriorated  India, Pakistan
Civil war!
Gandhi assassinated (1948)
Hostilities remain today

13. Indian Independence
Questions?

14. African Independence European Objectives in Africa (1880-1914)
Search for raw materials, cheap labor
International rivalry, nationalism
“The white man’s burden”
“The Rubber Coils” (1906)

15. African Independence Decolonization (1950s to 1970s)
Growing nationalism, distaste for imperialism
“Africa for Africans”
Paths to independence
Orderly, little violence
Delayed and violent, due to settler populations

16. South Africa South Africa European settlers  AFRIKANERS
British domination  independence (1910)
Industry, mines
Population
Black Africans
Afrikaners
British

17. South Africa Apartheid
Official system of social engineering intended to keep races separated
Society
BANTUSTANS
“Pass laws”
Best jobs reserved for whites
Government
In hands of white minority
Blacks had no political rights

18. South Africa The African Resistance African National Congress (ANC)
Goal: be able to live within existing order
Initial strategy: nonviolent civil disobedience
Government response
MASSACRE IN SHARPEVILLE (March 21, 1960)
Banned ANC
Underground then adopted violent methods
Massacre in Sharpeville

19. South Africa Nelson Mandela (1918-2013) Attorney
Believed in nonracial social democracy
Joined ANC in 1944, compelled to abandon nonviolent stance
Tried for “crimes” against government ( )
Convicted, sentenced to life imprisonment

20. South Africa The End of Apartheid
South Africa faced internal resistance, international pressure
Mandela released 1990
Negotiations between De Klerk and Mandela  end of apartheid
Mandela elected first president of multiracial government ( )

21. South Africa

22. South Africa
Questions?

23. Decolonization
How might we compare/contrast the movements for freedom in India and South Africa?
How might we compare/contrast Gandhi and Mandela? And with other advocates for freedom?