Matter and Energy

Matter Matter is what everything is made of. Matter is anything that is made of atoms and molecules. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

Properties of Matter Properties are the characteristics of a substance. Three major properties of all matter are mass, volume, and density.

Mass Mass is the amount of matter in an object or substance. Mass is measured in kilograms(kg), grams(g), and milligrams(mg). Mass is measured with a scale.

Volume All matter takes up space. The amount of space that an object or substance takes up is volume. Volume is measured in cubic centimeters (cm3) and cubic meters (m3).

Density Amount of mass per volume. Water has a density of 1g/cm3 1 dime = 1 gram

Compare densities to water Density of Iron is 8g/cubic cm Density of Nickel is 8.912g/cubic cm.

Physical Property A physical property is a property that can be observed, measured, or changed without changing the substance itself.

Chemical Property The ability of a substance to change into a new substance with different properties.

Atoms and Molecules An atom is the smallest particle of a substance that has all the characteristics of that substance. atoms and molecules Atoms are mainly empty space.

Parts of an atom Nucleus is made up of the protons and neutrons. Protons have a positive charge, and neutrons have no charge. Electrons are in clouds around the nucleus. Electrons are negatively charged.

Elements A pure substance made of only one kind of atom. All the atoms of an element are alike. There are about 110 known elements on Earth. 94 occur naturally. What elements are in you?

Molecules Atoms join together to form molecules. A molecule can be made up of atoms of one element or two or more elements. Molecules are held together by chemical bonds. Chemical bonds contain energy Molecule example: H2O, CO2, O2, N2

Periodic Table Lists all elements arranged by properties and by atomic number. An element’s atomic number equals the number of protons in one atom.

Phase Changes Watch the water molecules change phase.

States of Matter In your journal describe the following phases

Speed of particles Low energy = cold = slow Medium energy = warm = faster High energy = hot = fastest To make particles move faster, add energy. To make particles slower, remove energy

Solids Definite shape and volume Definite means the object won’t change it’s shape on its own. It will keep same volume too.

Liquids Liquids have a definite volume but not a definite shape. They take the shape of their container

Gases Gases have no definite volume or shape.

Plasma Atoms that have had their electrons stripped away by heat and pressure. These electrons are free to move about 99% of the known universe is plasma.

Changing states Melting point Temperature at which the substance changes from a solid to a liquid. m.p. of water = 0°C, 32°F Melting point and freezing point are the same, just in opposite directions.

Changing states Boiling point Temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas B.p. of water = 100°C, 212°F Condensation point and boiling point are the same, just in opposite direction.

Law of Conservation of matter Matter is not created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another! i.e. burning match, vinegar and baking soda, mass on the sun. law of conservation of matter

Chemical Reactions iron with sulfur to form iron sulfide Baking soda and vinegar Match burning Matter is conserved in all reactions!