1. Matter
Matter is everything. The properties of matter include anything that describes them with our senses.
3 states of matter- solid, liquid, and gas.

2. Characteristic Properties
A property that holds true no matter what the sample.
Since characteristic properties for a given substance never change, they can be used to identify unknown matter.

3. Properties Common properties used to identify substances include-
Boiling Point- The temperature at which a substance boils. Changing from liquid to gas .
Melting Point- The temperature at which a substance melts. Changes from a solid to liquid.

4. Changes in Matter
Physical change- It alters the form, but doesn’t change its identity.
Chemical change- It’s one or more substances combining or breaking apart to form a new substance.

5. Types Of Matter
Matter can be classified into two general categories; mixtures and pure substances. The pure substances include elements and compounds.
Mixture- consists of two or more substances that are mixed together but not chemically combined.
Solution- a well mixed mixture

6. Pure Substances
Is made of only one kind of matter and has definite properties.
Element- a substance that can not be broken down into any other substance by chemical means.

7. Compounds
A pure substance formed from chemical combinations of two or more different elements.

8. Metric System Kilo = 1,000 Hecto = 100 Deka = 10 Deci = 1/10
Centi = 1/100
Mili = 1/1,000

9. Units Mass = Grams Volume = Liters
Linear (Length, width, height) = Meters
Temp. = Celcius

10. Measuring Matter
Mass = how much matter an object contains. Mass is measured in grams.
Weight = the measure of the amount of gravity on you.
An objects weight will change if you move it from earth to the moon, but its mass will stay the same.

11. Volume
Volume = the amount of space that matter occupies. Measured in liters.
Dry measurement of a rectangle= length x width x height = cm3
For odd shaped objects use a graduated cylinder.

12. Density
Is the measurement of how much mass is contained in a given volume.
Density = mass/volume g/cm3
Water=1 g/cm3

13. Atoms
The smallest particles of an element. An atom consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons
Dalton’s ideas
1- Atoms cannot be broken into smaller pieces.
2- In any element all the atoms are exactly alike.
3- Atoms of 2 or more elements can combine to form compounds.
4- Atoms of each element have a unique mass.
5- The masses of the elements in a compound are always in a constant ratio.

14. Atoms and Molecules
Molecule – a group of atoms that are joined together and act as a single unit.
Chemical bond – is the force that holds two atoms together.

15. Elements from Earth
The high density of gold can be used to separate it from any surrounding material.
Copper and electrolysis- to extract copper from its ore you have to take advantage of its chemical activity, or its electrical conductivity.
Electrolysis- an electrical current that breaks the chemical bond that joins copper and other elements.
Ore- a rock that contains a metal or other useful material.
Iron and chemical activity- heat is used to separate iron from its ore. The ore is combined with a form of carbon called coke to increase the heat.